The Patriarchal Heritage and the Working-Class WomenDahlström, Edmund; Liljestrom, Rita
doi: 10.1177/000169938302600101pmid: N/A
The debate on women's emancipation has reached an impasse of similarity between men and women and has arrived in the backwater of female distinctive character. What generates this oscillation between self -sacrificing 'common' interest and the assertion of women's particular interests? Both these orientations are reasonable if it is kept in mind that domination of men originates in the heritage of the patriarchy that preceded industrial capitalism Today, the personal subordination in the rule of masters has changed into the abstract order of the market This was a very gradual process and it is only during the after-war penod that the traditional patn archy has disappeared. But the culture of market is still dominated by men. Socialistic and liberal ideologies start from the assumption of the similarity between men and women and from the fact that they prevent the articulation of contradictions between men's and women's interests By asserting their distinctive character, women have brought out the societal claims of human reproduction partly at the expense of their position in production. The social-democratic woman's movement has followed its party brothers when promoting home-working wives and honouring women's wage work. It is only dunng the last decade that working-class women have begun to question the leadership of their party men.
The Uses of Alcohol and Their Cultural RegulationMäkela, Klaus
doi: 10.1177/000169938302600102pmid: N/A
Alcoholic beverages have multiple objective uses that can be analyzed to some degree independently of prevailing cultural attitudes. Three main uses which are directly based on the physical properties of beverage alcohol as a substance are identified: nutritional use. medicinal use and use as an intoxicant The following physical properties of beverage alcohol are singled out for discussion. medicinal effects, caloric content, liquid state, taste and intoxicating effects. The use of alcohol as a gift and for sacral purposes are examples of the derived uses that are based on its cultural meanings rather than on its physical properties In consuming alcohol, its nutritional, med icinal and intoxicating effects are always simultaneously present. Thus the different uses interact on the level of drinking behavior without distinct boundaries The histoncally dominant use is of prime importance, however, from the perspective of the dynamics of cultural regulation. Restraining the side effects of nutritives is different from domesticating an intoxicant. Cul tures in which nutritional use is of little historical importance are faced with the latter task In a critique of Pittman's typology, it is argued that Italy and France, on the one hand, and the Jews, Scandinavians and Camba, on the other, are variations of two basic types with regard to alcohol. In Italy and France, the nutritional use of alcohol is historically dominant, but the French have developed more tolerant attitudes towards the intoxicating side effects of wine Among the Jews, the Scandinavians and the Camba alike, alcohol is an intoxicant, but these three cultures have developed alternative nor mative solutions for the regulation of its use.
The Use of Social Science in a Norwegian Ministry: As a Tool of Policy or Mode of Thinking?Baklien, Bergljot
doi: 10.1177/000169938302600103pmid: N/A
Both producers and users of social science tend to think of it as an instrument ; perspectives and results from science forming direct premises for policy decisions The article summarizes a study of how research contributions in specific fields of transport research are used in the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communication. Despite institutional closeness and cultural similarities between research community and user community, we found that much direct use is unusual. The subject matters of social science, although frequently posed as social problems, may in effect constitute social conflicts, and as such cannot be solved by knowledge and information alone. The use of social science in the conceptualization process and as political ammunition is, however, important enough. The article points out obstacles to such use, primarily in the organizational structure of the Ministry.
Class and Gender: A Note on Class Structure in Norway and USAMjøset, Lars; Petersen, Trond
doi: 10.1177/000169938302600104pmid: N/A
This paper employs Wright's class-scheme and data from Nonvegian and American level of living surveys (1973/1980) to investigate the question of class and gender It is found that women to a larger degree than men occupy class positions with limited control over resources and little supervision A comparison with US data confirms the well-established finding that such inequality seems to be a general feature of Western capitalist societies. The most significant developments over time (1973-1980) in Norway are: a shrinking petty-bourgeoisie and an increase in the manager/ supervisor group. These structural changes are stronger in Norway than in the US It is found that the possibility of reaching a managerial/supervisory position cannot be reduced to individual characteristics such as age or education Being a woman is in itself a disadvantage for those striving for upper positions in the capitalist hierarchy of control. This has not changed throughout the 1970s.
Caregiving in the Welfare StateHaavio-Mannila, Elina
doi: 10.1177/000169938302600105pmid: N/A
Changes in the care given by the family, social networks and the state to children, the elderly and the sick have been examined empirically on the basis of 744 personal interviews conducted among urban population aged 25-64 years in Finland in 1981. Sources of help in solving conjugal crisis, problems with teenage children and financial problems were investigated according to sex and age of respondents. Also type of confidants in personal troubles was questioned Caregiving to children during day-time, care of the elderly and the sick have increasingly been taken over by the state (shown by companson between the situation in respondent's own childhood and the present). It is still mainly women who perform the caregiving functions in society, nowadays often as paid work instead of as unpaid work. Women give and receive outside help more than men, who tend to keep problems inside the family. For example, women have more confidants than men, who feel they can talk out troubles only with their wives.
Review Essay : The Evolution of Health Care Systems in England, France and Germany in the Light of 1848 European RevolutionsVagerö, Denny
doi: 10.1177/000169938302600106pmid: N/A
A public health movement and a movement to reform medical science were linked to the larger social reform movement of the 1840's in Europe. It included demands for sanitary reforms, public health legislation, large scale social reforms, a reformed organization of medicine as well as a new basis for medical science. It emphasized prevention, epidemiology and social medicine rather than clinical medicine. The victory of the political reaction after 1848 led to a senous setback for these developments, set the stage for the evolution of modern health care systems, and determined some major features of health care systems still present This idea is discussed, based on a re-reading of Rosen, Stevens, Boenheim as well as on a recent study by Pelling and some other material. In modern medical sociology texts it seems largely overlooked.