Journal of Animal Science

Luecke, R., W.;Hoefer, J., A.;Brammell, W., S.;Schmidt, D., A.

doi: 10.2527/jas1957.1613pmid: N/A

Summary The data contained in this paper are a result of two separate experiments involving a total of 10 lots of 10 pigs each. In the first trial the feeding of a ration containing 0.65% calcium and 0.53% phosphorus resulted in good growth; however, a 10% incidence of parakeratosis was noted. The feeding of a ration containing 1.25% calcium and 0.95% phosphorus resulted in very poor growth and a 100% incidence of parakeratosis. In the second trial the feeding of a ration containing 0.51% calcium and 0.61% phosphorus resulted in depressed growth and a 40% incidence of parakeratosis. In addition, rations containing 1.21% calcium and 1.90% calcium both with 0.61% phosphorus resulted in severely depressed growth and a 100% incidence of parakeratosis. In both trials the supplementation of all rations with 50 p.p.m.of zinc (as zinc carbonate) markedly increased growth rate, improved feed efficiency and completely prevented symptoms of parakeratosis. In all cases symptoms of parakeratosis were alleviated by zinc therapy. In the second trial, preliminary studies indicated that dietary zinc increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 2 Departments of Agricultural Chemistry, Animal Husbandry and Animal Pathology, East Lansing. The authors are indebted to the American Cyanamid Co., Pearl River, N. Y. for the Aurofac, and to Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey for the B vitamin supplement used in the experiments.

Haines, C., E.;Wallace, H., D.;Koger,, M.

doi: 10.2527/jas1957.16112xpmid: N/A

Summary Using 72 weanling pigs fed in drylot, an experiment has been conducted to study the feeding value of two low gossypol cottonseed meals as compared to a good quality soybean oil meal. It was also possible to compare the growth stimulating value of procaine penicillin with a combination of procaine penicillin and erythromycin. The results conclusively demonstrated that a degossypolized solvent extracted cottonseed meal (free gossypol content of 0.01% and nitrogen solubility 89.0%) was superior to an expeller cottonseed meal (free gossypol content of 0.01%, and nitrogen solubility of 42.2%). When either of the cottonseed meals was partially replaced (25, SO or 75%) with soybean oil meal the gains were significantly improved. In the case of the degossypolized solvent cottonseed meal it was observed that the combinations were equal or superior to soybean oil meal only. The feeding of erythromycin in combination with procaine penicillin as an antibiotic fortification produced faster gains with all nine rations than did the feeding of procaine penicillin alone. The results of this study indicate that low gossypol cottonseed meal can be used to good advantage as a protein supplement for weanling pigs, either as the sole source of supplementary protein or in combination with soybean oil meal. The most efficient rations in this study were those containing mixtures of the degossypolized solvent meal and soybean oil meal. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 2 Department of Animal Husbandry and Nutrition, Gainesville. This study was supported in part by a grant from the Eli Lily Company, Indianapolis, Indiana.

Sewell, R., F.;Warren, E., P.;O'Mary, C., C.

doi: 10.2527/jas1957.16120xpmid: N/A

Summary Three experiments have been conducted to study the effects of orally administered stilbestrol on growing swine when fed at two dietary levels with and without antibiotic supplementation. A fermentation product was also studied. Although statistical treatment indicated a significant interaction was obtained from the combination of high level stilbestrol and the antibiotic in Experiment I, this effect was not confirmed by the results of Experiments II and III. The feeding of stilbestrol in combination with an antibiotic in Experiments II and III resulted in no greater growth response than was obtained with the antibiotic alone. Antibiotic supplementation produced a consistent growth response. Feeding stilbestrol at the levels employed in these experiments apparently had no consistent growth stimulating effect. A trend toward more efficient feed utilization was noted in those lots receiving the combination of high level stilbestrol and antibiotic in all instances. The addition of 3% fermentation solubles to the basal ration produced no supplementary effect; however, the addition of 6% fermentation solubles resulted in a significant decrease in average daily gain. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 1 The authors wish to express appreciation to the following concerns for supplying materials used in these experiments: Eli Lilly and Co. for the diethylestilbestrol; American Cyanamid Co. for the Fortafeed 2–49c, Profactor-10, and Aurofao-10; and Dawes Laboratories, Inc. for the Fermentation Solubles, and vitamin A and D2 supplements used. 3 Contribution from the Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia. Journal Paper No. 25 of the College Experiment Station.

Becker, D., E.;Jensen, A., H.;Terrill, S., W.;Smith, I., D.;Norton, H., W.

doi: 10.2527/jas1957.16126xpmid: N/A

Summary Three experiments were conducted with weanling pigs to measure the isoleucine requirement and its relation to the dietary protein level. A synthetic diet containing soluble blood flour supplemented with methionine was used as an isoleucine-deficient diet and was calculated to contain 88% total digestible nutrients. Supplementary L-isoleucine was added as a 32% concentrate with D-alloisoleucine as the remainder. With a diet containing 13.35% protein the maximum rate and efficiency of gain were obtained with a minimum level of 0.46% L-isoleucine, equal to 3.4% of the dietary protein. On the other hand, with 26.70% protein the maximum rate and efficiency of gain occurred at a minimum level of 0.65% L-isoleucine, equal to 2.4% of the dietary protein. The L-isoleucine need in the high- and low-protein diets was 0.74 and 0.52% of the total digestible nutrients, respectively. Assuming a linear relationship between dietary protein and isoleucine requirement, expressed as a percentage of the protein, the isoleucine need within the protein range studied may be expressed by the equation, Ŷ=4.5−0.076X, where Ŷ is the isoleucine need and X is the percentage of dietary protein. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 1 The authors wish to acknowledge Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Michigan; Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey; Commercial Solvents Corporation, Terre Haute, Indiana; Chas. Pfizer & Co., Inc., Brooklyn, New York; and American Cyanamid Company, Pearl River, New York; for funds and products which made this investigation possible.

McKigney, J., I.;Wallace, H., D.;Cunha, T., J.

doi: 10.2527/jas1957.16135xpmid: N/A

Summary Five-week-old weanling pigs in drylot developed pantothenic acid deficiency symptoms on a 14% crude protein basal ration composed of ground corn, soybean oil meal, minerals and supplemented with vitamins, except for pantothenic acid. Supplementation of this ration with either pantothenic acid or chlortetracycline prevented the development of deficiency symptoms. Pigs initially weighing 16 lb. developed more severe deficiency symptoms than pigs initially weighing 20 lb. Possible explanations for this difference in response are discussed. Although not a sensitive criterion, concentration of pantothenic acid in the liver seemed to reflect more accurately the pantothenic acid status of the animals than levels of this vitamin in the brain, heart or kidney. Age and ration influenced the liver and kidney level of pantothenic acid. Under the conditions imposed, chlortetracycline at the level of 10 mg. per lb. of ration appeared to have a sparing effect on the dietary pantothenic acid requirements of weanling pigs. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 2 Department of Animal Husbandry and Nutrition. This study was supported in part by a grant from the American Cyanamid Co.

Hays, V., W.;Ashton, G., C.;Liu, C., H.;Speer, V., C.;Catron, D., V.

doi: 10.2527/jas1957.16144xpmid: N/A

Summary The results of three experiments indicate that urea has no place in practical swine rations. Low levels of urea of 0.16 and 0.31% of the ration exerted no harmful effect on gains; slightly improved gains were obtained at these levels, however, feed required per lb. of gain increased linearly as urea increased from 0.0 to 1.25% of the diet. Also percent nitrogen retained decreased as the level of urea in the diet was increased. The addition of 0.65% urea or, 0.04% methionine and 0.26% lysine or a combination of the urea and amino acids failed to significantly improve an 8% protein corn-soybean oil meal type ration in respect to rate of gain or feed conversion. The replacement of 10 or 20% of the protein with equivalent amounts of urea nitrogen, in diets containing 8 or 10% total protein from a mixture of whole dried egg and dried skimmilk, significantly decreased the rate of gain and increased the feed required per pound of gain. The decreased performance was more severe on the lower level of protein This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 2 Department of Animal Husbandry. Grateful acknowledgement is made to L. D. Jones and W. S. Monlux, Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory for examining various organs; to E. A. Kline and his staff for their help and for the use of the facilities in the Meat Laboratory in slaughtering the pigs; and to Don Quinn, Swine Nutrition Research Farm Superintendent, and his associates for their assistance.

Skipitaris, C., N.;Warner, R., G.;Loosli, J., K.

doi: 10.2527/jas1957.16155xpmid: N/A

Summary Studies were conducted with pigs to measure the influence of added sugar upon the digestibility of the crude protein and the crude fiber of barley. Adding 16% of sucrose lowered the apparent digestibility of the crude protein and the crude fiber approximately 5% and 38%, respectively. The depression of protein digestibility was found to be greater than could be explained by an increase in the excretion of “fiber-bound” protein. Fecal nitrogen fractionation revealed more nitrogen present as bacteria, as soluble nitrogen and residual nitrogen when sucrose was added than when barley was fed alone. The depression in digestibility of protein and crude fiber as the result of feeding sugar seems to be similar in magnitude to the depressions observed with ruminants. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 1 Present address: Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Thessalonike, Greece.

Bowland, J., P.;Hironaka,, R.

doi: 10.2527/jas1957.16162xpmid: N/A

Summary When pigs were not fasted prior to bleeding, there was a significant correlation between plasma lipid levels taken at 100 lb. in weight and average backfat thickness, but no appreciable correlation of plasma lipid levels with loin area or rate of gain. Following a 16- to 18-hour fasting period prior to bleeding so that the pigs were allowed to approach a post-absorptive state, there were significant or highly significant correlations of plasma lipids with shoulder fat, back and loin fat, combined shoulder, back and loin fat, and area of loin muscle, while plasma lipid correlations with average daily gain approached significance at the 5% level. A correlation of .70 was found between plasma lipids taken from individuals at 100 lb. and at 200 lb. liveweight. The results indicate that plasma lipid levels taken from pigs weighing approximately 100 lb. would be of some use to supplement other measures in estimating fat and lean content of pig carcasses at market weight. In individual fasted pigs, the relationship of plasma lipids to rate of gain is sufficiently high to indicate some physiological relationship. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 2 Present address: Division of Animal Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana. 3 Department of Animal Science, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

Blumer, T., N.;Barrick, E., R.;Brown, W., L.;Smith, F., H.;Smart, W. W., G.

doi: 10.2527/jas1957.16168xpmid: N/A

Summary Twenty hogs were divided into five groups of equal numbers of which four groups were fed a soft fat producing basal diet containing 10% soybean oil. Three groups were fed to varying specified weights at which time coconut oil, a hardening oil, replaced the soybean oil until the hogs reached slaughter weight. The fourth group received soybean oil from weaning weight to market weight, while the fifth group received coconut oil for the same period. When the hogs were fed coconut oil from weights of 150 to 205 lb. during the last 30 days of the fattening period, carcasses were satisfactory in firmness. Determinations made on the fat showed decreases in iodine number as the length of feeding period on coconut oil increased. Decreases were similarly found for linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids. Fat stability tests conducted by determining periodically the peroxide values on stored cured bacons of each carcass supported the fatty acid composition values and manual firmness scores. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 2 John Morrell and Co., Ottumwa, Iowa. 3 Acknowledgment is made to Buckeye Cotton Oil Division of the Buckeye Cellulose Corporation for supplying the soybean oil and coconut oil used in this experiment.

Kelly, R., F.;Bray, R., W.;Phillips, Paul, H.

doi: 10.2527/jas1957.16174xpmid: N/A

Summary Data have been obtained on the effect of chlortetracycline (crystal-line Aureomycin) supplementation in practical rations of pigs from weaning to 85, 125, 165, and 205-lb. at which time they were slaughtered and the blood and carcass data collected. At a 15% protein level the supplementation of the ration with chlortetracycline gave an increase in the average daily gain of the barrows which was highly significant (1%). The weight at which the barrows were removed also had a highly significant effect on average daily gains. In the gilts, treatment with chlortetracycline did not affect the average daily gains. The weight at which the gilts were removed had a significant (5%) effect upon the average daily gains. The blood fat levels for the chlortetracycline supplemented lots were lower (not significantly) than the blood fat levels of the controls. The absorptive blood fat levels of the 165 and 205-lb. groups were significantly higher than the levels of the 85-lb. groups. The iodine number of the leaf and back fat from barrows was lower (near 5% and 1%, respectively) due to chlortetracycline supplementation. There was no significant difference in percentage of moisture, ether extract, or protein of the carcass, shoulder or ham composites and all physical carcass measurements except back fat thickness as a result of chlortetracycline supplementation. The average back fat thickness of the males was significantly (5%) increased as a result of chlortetracycline supplementation. This finding is in agreement with the trend toward greater carcass fatness as expressed in other physical and chemical measurements. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 2 A portion of the thesis presented to the Graduate Faculty at the University of Wisconsin by the senior author in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, June, 1955. 3 Present address: Animal Husbandry Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg. 4 Departments of Animal Husbandry and Biochemistry, Madison.