Journal of Animal Science

Gould, M., B.;Whiteman, J., V.

doi: 10.2527/jas1975.404585xpmid: N/A

Summary Data available from 129 single and 111 twin-reared Dorset × Western replacement ewes were utilized to evaluate the relationship between preweaning ewe lamb nutrition and subsequent estimated milking ability. The 70-day weights of the ewes and their lambs were used as an indication of milk consumption. The relationship was characterized for each age of dam (15, 24, 36, ..., 96 months) by (1) calculating phenotypic correlation coefficients between the 70-day weight of the dams and the 70-day weights of their lambs, and by (2) comparing the mean birth weights and 70-day weights of the lambs born to the single and twin-reared dams at each age. The phenotypic correlation coefficients when the dams were 15, 24, 36,48, 60, 72, 84 and 96 months old were −.13, −.01, −.07, .00, .05, .01, .16 and .28, respectively. The change in correlation coefficients from −.13 for lambs from 15-month-old dams to .28 for 96-month-old dams suggests a possible negative relationship between ewe lamb nutrition and subsequent maternal influence that disappears as the ewe gets older. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 2 Present address: Ft. Reno Livestock Research Station, El Reno, Oklahoma 73036. Copyright 1975 by American Society of Animal Science. American Society of Animal Science

Nagai,, Jiro;Hickman, C., G.;Barr, G., R.

doi: 10.2527/jas1975.404590xpmid: N/A

Summary Data from two mouse populations of different origin (P and Q) were analyzed to estimate genetic parameters for the nursing ability of the mother (m) and the body weight of the offspring at 42 days of age (w), and to develop a selection index based on m and w. The nursing ability of the mother was measured by the mean individual 12-day weight of a nursed litter. At birth, the young were exchanged among mothers so that each nursed litter contained eight young representing four mothers. For the line (M) selected for m, the line (W) selected for w, the line (B) selected for an index combining m and w, and the unselected line (C), heritability estimates of m from daughter-dam regressions pooled over three generations were .37, .27, .29 and .33 in P, and .25, .10, .17 and .04 in Q, respectively. For W, B and C, heritabilities of w estimated by doubling the litter (prenatal) component of variance within crossfostering groups were .20, .33 and .26 in P and .28, .36 and .34 in Q. Genetic correlations between m and w estimated from the marginal totals of crossfostering groups for W, B and C were .24, .99 and .37 in P and −.25, .07 and .29 in Q, respectively. In the index where equal economic weights were assumed for M and W, the coefficients in P and Q were .33 and .14 form and .53 and .38 for w. This indicated that when selecting for both m and w, more emphasis was placed on the performance of w than on the performance of m, and that m could be genetically improved through selection of w alone as indicated by the genetic correlation between m and w. It was found that the expected responses to selection based on the index were larger in w than in m, and the expected response for m relative to that for w was larger in P than in Q. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 2 The authors wish to express their appreciation to Drs. B.1 B. Bohren and Alan Emsley for their valuable comments on the manuscript. Copyright 1975 by American Society of Animal Science. American Society of Animal Science

Topel, D., G.;Rust, R., E.;Wilson, D., G.;Christian, L., L.

doi: 10.2527/jas1975.404598xpmid: N/A

Summary Twenty-four crossbred pigs, 12 from a fat strain and 12 from a lean strain, were used in the first part of the study. Four pigs from each line were slaughtered at 91,104 and 118 kilograms. The right ham from each carcass was separated into three muscle sections, and the fluid was collected from these sections during 48-hr storage at 2 C. The specific gravity of the fluid was determined and the percentages of fluid and cooking loss were calculated. Ham muscle sections from heavier pigs yielded exudative fluid higher in total solids than hams from the lighter weight group. No significant differences were obtained between strain or weight groups for percentage processing loss from these sections. Correlation coefficients were significant and positive between percentage muscle in the carcass and percentage fluid exuded from the ham muscle sections. In the second part of the study, 50 hams with a wide range in color and firmness scores were separated into three muscle sections and the drip collected for sodium, potassium and specific gravity determinations. Also, the percentage of fluid exuded and processing loss were determined. A significant difference existed for percentage fluid eluted between the three muscle sections and the sodium content in the eluted fluid was significantly influenced by muscle section. There was a significant correlation between the fluid specific gravity and the percentage fluid eluted from the fresh ham sections (r = −.61). This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 2 Appreciation is expressed to Dr. Gordon Thomson for his assistance on the statistical analysis. 3 Department of Animal Science. Copyright 1975 by American Society of Animal Science. American Society of Animal Science

Kraeling, Robert, R.;Ono,, Katsuto;Davis, Betty, J.;Barb, C., Richard

doi: 10.2527/jas1975.404604xpmid: 237857

Summary Twenty-eight crossbred gilts averaging 61 kg body weight were used to determine if the rate of postmortem glycolysis in longissimus muscle of the pig could be altered by varying the level of anterior pituitary gland activity. Ten gilts were hypophysectomized (H) and 18 were sham hypophysectomized (SH) and assigned to the following groups: H + saline (H-s); H + pituitary powder (H-pp); SH + AIMAX + saline (SH-As); SH + saline (SH-s) and SH + pituitary powder (SH-pp). Animals were injected intramuscularly with saline or pituitary powder suspended in saline, and the SH-As pigs were fed AIMAX (a hypothalamic blocking agent) daily from 4 weeks after surgery until necropsy at 7 weeks after surgery. We assumed that the level of pituitary activity might follow the order: SH-pp > SH-s ⩾ SH-As ⩾ H-pp > H-s. Samples were removed from the left longissimus muscle during exsanguination (time 0) and at 30-, 60-, 120- and 180-min postmortem. Blood levels of glucose and lactate indicate that these metabolites or the general metabolic rate decreased with decreasing pituitary activity. Longissimus muscle pH, temperature, lactate, glucose-6-phosphate, creatine phosphate, adenosine triphosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate at 0- and 180-min postmortem and the patterns of depletion or accumulation of metabolites over the 3-hr postmortem period suggest that the rate of postmortem glycolysis in longissimus muscle of the pig can be altered by changing the level of pituitary activity in the live animal. Possible enzyme systems that may be affected are phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, myosin ATPase, adenyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase. The results of this study suggest that pigs that display the condition of pale-soft exudative musculature (PSE) may hypersecrete one or more pituitary gland hormones before exsanguination and indicate that we will be able to define which pituitary hormone or hormones cause conditions in the live animal that result in PSE pork postmortem. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 1 Present address: Richard B. Russell Agr. Res. Center, Athens, Georgia 30604. 2 The authors thank Dr. Dennis N. Marple for performing radioimmunoassay of the pituitary powder for ACTH and GH. Appreciation is extended to Mr. Kenneth Bender, Mr. Robert Johnson and Mr. James Lilly for their diligent care of the experimental animals and to Mr. Harry Young and Mr. James Faltynski for their assistance in the recovery of necessary organs from the experimental animals. Copyright 1975 by American Society of Animal Science. American Society of Animal Science

Johnston, David, M.;Stewart, Dennis, F.;Moody, William, G.;Boling,, James;Kemp, James, D.

doi: 10.2527/jas1975.404613xpmid: N/A

Summary Thirty-six steers, divided equally between Angus and Charolais breed types, were slaughtered after 153 (Group I) and 233 (Group II) days on a standard finishing ration. A 3.81 cm steak from the longissimus from the seventh thoracic rib region was removed from the left wholesale rib 48 hr postmortem and used for histological studies. Transverse sections (16 µm) from the medial portion of the muscle were cut on a freezing microtome and subsequently reacted with DPNH-TR, myo-fibrillar ATPase at alkaline pH and Sudan Black B to determine fiber type. The three fiber types identified were βR (red), αR (intermediate) and αW (white) based on their reactions to the aforementioned tests. Enlarged photomicrographs were made of each section, and from these all fibers covering a 10 cm square were measured for diameter and total area using a Zeiss Particle Size Analyzer and a Compensating Polar Planimeter, respectively. Time on feed appeared to have a preferential effect on fiber type development which was independent of breed effects. For example, the Group II steers had significantly (P < .05) larger βR fiber diameters and somewhat larger βR fiber areas than the Group I steers. Many of these large βR fiber diameters were three or more standard deviations above the group mean diameter, which resulted in a significant right skew to the distribution curve with time. Breed effects were primarily confined to the Charolais steers which had larger fiber type diameters and areas than the Angus for all fiber types with the area of the Charolais αW fibers being significantly (P < .05) larger. The large βR fibers observed in this study did not have the same characteristics of giant fibers reported in porcine muscle but were thought to be hypertrophied fibers undergoing a unique phase of muscle development. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 2 Kroger Company, Roanoke, Virginia. Copyright 1975 by American Society of Animal Science. American Society of Animal Science

Danielson, David, M.;Noonan, John, J.

doi: 10.2527/jas1975.404621xpmid: 1141057

Summary Weight gain and hemoglobin values were obtained from 102 pigs, weaned within 12 hr after birth, through 53 days of age. This study was conducted to determine the effect of an iron dextran injection on performance and hemoglobin levels of piglets fed individually in a mechanical feeder from 12 hr to 23 days of age. The animals were divided into two treatment groups at 4 to 5 days of age. One group received 100 mg of supplemental iron in the form of injectable iron dextran. The other group received no supplemental source of iron. Both groups received the same diet throughout the study. The supplemental iron injection did not provide a significant (P < .05) response in weight gain for any of the sampling periods. There were some indications in body weight gain that the males responded better to the iron injection than did the females. At 16, 23 and 30 days of age, the hemoglobin value of the supplemental iron group was significantly (P < .05) increased. At 38 days of age, the hemoglobin levels of the treatment groups did not indicate significant difference. In the non-supplemented pigs at 30 days of age, females had significantly (P < .05) greater hemoglobin values than males. Although all hemoglobin levels were in a normal range, the supplemental iron increased hemoglobin levels at the earlier ages. This study indicated the additional iron treatment did not increase the weight gain of the early weaned pigs. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 2 Present address is Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman 99163. 3 Department of Animal Science. Acknowledgement is made to James F. Karn for assistance with the conduct and analysis of the research. Copyright 1975 by American Society of Animal Science. American Society of Animal Science

Mahan, D., C.;Moxon, A., L.;Cline, J., H.

doi: 10.2527/jas1975.404624xpmid: 1170151

Summary Two groups of sows were fed either a corn-soybean meal diet without (Control) or with (Control + Se) .1 ppm of supplementary selenium. A third group was fed a low-selenium semi-purified diet. Serum and tissue selenium values of the sows and their progeny were measured through two reproductive cycles. All litters were fed a low-selenium, semi-purified diet to evaluate the selenium status of the pigs and the contribution of selenium from the sow. When the Control diet was fed to sows, their serum selenium values were higher during both gestation periods than during lactation with values declining in the second parity as compared to the first. When the Control + Se diet was fed, serum selenium levels were higher (P < .01) than those from the Control group and were maintained at relatively constant values throughout both reproductive cycles. Serum selenium from sows fed the semi-purified diet declined over the entire experimental period. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 3 Department of Animal Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster. 4 Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus. Copyright 1975 by American Society of Animal Science. American Society of Animal Science

Babatunde,, G.M.;Fetuga,, B.L.;Oyenuga, V., A.

doi: 10.2527/jas1975.404632xpmid: N/A

Abstract Sixty Yorkshire barrows and gilts with average weight of 17.0 kg were randomly divided into five treatment groups with equal sex representations and approximately equal initial live weight. Each group was further randomly divided into two sub-groups; one sub-group was placed on an acl libitum feeding regime while the other was on a restricted regime. Each group was fed one of five diets containing approximately 23% crude protein (on DM basis) but formulated to contain 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% cane molasses. They were slaughtered at an average live weight of 64 kg, their carcasses graded, and some organ weights taken. No significant differences were found in the average daily dry matter (DM) and air dry feed consumed, but there were significant differences among treatments in average daily gain (ADG), DM consumed/kg of weight gained and air dry feed/kg of weight gained, (P <.01). Significant treatment differences were also recorded for the warm dressing percentage, carcass length, average backfat thickness, percent ham, loin, trimmed fat, empty intestinal tract weight, liver weight, heart and kidney weights (P < .01 or P < .05) but no significant treatment differences in the average loin eye area; percent shoulder, and spleen weight. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 1 Department of Animal Science. Copyright 1975 by American Society of Animal Science. American Society of Animal Science

Clawson, A., J.;Maner, J., H.;Gomez,, G.;Mejia,, O.;Flores,, Z.;Buitrago,, J.

doi: 10.2527/jas1975.404640xpmid: 1173579

Summary Pigs self-fed diets in which whole cottonseed (including the hulls) replaced one third, two thirds or all the protein supplied by soybean meal gained at a reduced rate and mortality resulted at the highest levels. Iron from ferrous sulfate was ineffective in preventing toxicity because of physical problems involved (comminution of the cottonseed and particle size of the crystalline ferrous sulfate) which prevented contact between the iron and the gossypol. Two experiments were conducted using rats to determine the value of calcium hydroxide and ferrous sulfate mixed dry and in solution with unextracted cottonseed meats (dehulled cottonseed) in reducing gossypol toxicity. When the calcium hydroxide was mixed dry with the cottonseed meats, the rats lost weight and the mortality rate was high. Ferrous sulfate mixed dry was effective in preventing mortality but growth rate of rats fed this diet was poor. Performance was greatly improved when either the calcium hydroxide or ferrous sulfate was added to the cottonseed meats in water solution. There was no apparent benefit from adding calcium hydroxide in combination with ferrous sulfate. Rats fed diets containing cottonseed meats (replacing one half the protein supplied by soybean meal) treated with ferrous sulfate solution (800 ppm of iron in the air dry diet) gained faster and required less feed per unit of gain than those fed cottonseed meats treated with calcium hydroxide solution or with a combination of ferrous sulfate and calcium hydroxide. Rats fed the diets containing cottonseed meats treated with ferrous sulfate solution gained at a rate approximately equal to those fed the corn-soybean meal diet. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 1 Visiting scientist with CIAT on leave from North Carolina State University, Raleigh. 2 Centro Internacional De Agricultura Tropical, Apartado Aereo 67-13, Cali, Columbia. 3 Present address: Instituto Politecnico Colombiano, Medellin, Colombia. 4 Present address: Universidad Boliviana, Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. 5 Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario, Palmira, Colombia. Copyright 1975 by American Society of Animal Science. American Society of Animal Science

Clawson, A., J.;Maner, J., H.;Gomez,, G.;Flores,, Z.;Buitrago,, J.

doi: 10.2527/jas1975.404648xpmid: N/A

Summary Rats fed a corn base diet supplemented with dehulled cottonseed kernels which were boiled in a ferrous sulfate solution for 30 min gained as rapidly and required no more feed per unit of gain than those fed a corn-soybean meal diet. Boiling cottonseed kernels in the absence of ferrous sulfate greatly improved its nutritive value, however, boiling for 1 hr did not improve the cottonseed as much as mixing it with a cold (17 C) ferrous sulfate solution followed by oven drying at 70 C. Sun drying of either cottonseed meats or whole cottonseed (pretreated in a ferrous sulfate solution) was equal to oven drying in promoting rat growth. Similar results were obtained when these principles were applied to cottonseed meats used in pig diets; i.e., pigs fed diets containing cottonseed meats pretreated with ferrous sulfate solution followed by either sun or oven drying performed as well as those fed the corn-soybean meal control diet. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 1 Visiting scientist with CIAT on leave from North Carolina State University at Raleigh. 2 Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Apartado Aereo 67-13, Cali, Colombia. 3 Present address: Universidad Boliviana, Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. 4 Instituto Colombiana Agropecuario, Palmira, Colombia. Copyright 1975 by American Society of Animal Science. American Society of Animal Science