Journal of Animal Science

Lasley, John, F.

doi: 10.2527/jas1989.6711pmid: N/A

Abstract Samuel Brody was born in Lithuania on February 6, 1890. He passed away at Columbia, Missouri on August 6, 1956. Dr. Brody married Sophia Edith Dubosky of Berkeley, California in 1920. They had two sons, Dr. Eugene B. Brody and Dr. Arnold Brody. At the age of 16 Samuel Brody emigrated to Canada, where an older brother had gone to live. While in Canada he earned a living working as a miner, a peddler and, for a short time, as a commercial fisherman. He later moved to New Hampshire, where another older borther, I. A. Brody, lived. He worked there as a machinist until he decided to work in a field that would bring him in close contact with plants, animals and other humans. Samuel Brody left his machinist job in New Hampshire and made his way alone and unaided to the National Farm School in Pennsylvania. It was there that he learned of the work of T. Brailsford Robertson of the University of California at Berkeley. This content is only available as a PDF. Copyright 1989 by American Society of Animal Science American Society of Animal Science

Cromwell, G., L.;Hall, D., D.;Clawson, A., J.;Combs, G., E.;Knabe, D., A.;Maxwell, C., V.;Noland, P., R.;Orr, D., E.;Prince, T., J.

doi: 10.2527/jas1989.6713pmid: 2925550

Abstract A cooperative research study involving 1,080 litters was conducted at eight stations to determine the effects of additional feed during the last 23 d of gestation on reproductive performance of sows and on preweaning performance of their pigs. Primiparous and multiparous sows were fed fortified corn- or sorghum-soybean meal diets (14% crude protein). Control sows received 1.82 kg/d from March through November and 2.27 kg/d from December through February. Treated sows were fed an additional 1.36 kg of feed/d from d 90 of gestation to farrowing. Sows were allowed to consume the same diet ad libitum during a 21-d lactation. Additional feed in late gestation resulted in greater (P < .001) sow weight gain from d 90 to d 110 of gestation (16.8 vs 9.0 kg) and greater (P < .001) parturition-lactation weight loss (21.3 vs 16.4 kg). Total weight gain from breeding to 21 d of lactation favored sows that received extra feed (27.5 vs 22.7 kg; P < .001). Sows receiving extra feed had more live pigs at farrowing (10.05 vs 9.71, P = .06) and at 21 d postpartum (8.35 vs 8.06, P = .09), and the pigs were heavier at birth (1.48 vs 1.44 kg, P = .003) and at 21 d (5.37 vs 5.20 kg, P = .006). Lactation feed intake and number of days from weaning to estrus were not affected by treatment. The results indicate that additional feed in late gestation improves reproductive performance in sows. In this study, the cost of an additional 31 kg of feed/sow was more than offset by the value of the additional sow weight gain (approximately 5 kg), the additional .3 of a pig/litter at weaning and the additional 2.6 kg of total litter weaning weight. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 2 Dept. of Anim. Sci., Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington 40546. 3 Current address: Purina Mills, Inc. St. Louis, MO 63166. 4 Dept. of Anim. Sci., N. Carolina State Univ., Raleigh 27695. 5 Dept. of Anim. Sci., Univ. of Florida, Gainesville 32611. 6 Dept. of Anim. Sci., Texas A&M Univ., College Station 77843. 7 Dept. of Anim. Sci., Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater 74078. 8 Dept. of Anim. Sci., Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701. 9 Dept. of Anim. Sci., Texas Tech Univ., Lubbock 79409. 10 Current address: United Feeds Inc., Sheridan, IN 46069. 11 Dept. of Anim. Sci., Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849. 12 Current address: Carl S. Akey Co., Lewisburg, OH 45338. Copyright 1989 by American Society of Animal Science American Society of Animal Science

Arkins,, S.;Thompson, L., H.;Giles, J., R.;Camacho,, T.;Hosmon, B., D.

doi: 10.2527/jas1989.67115xpmid: 2925538

Abstract Five pairs of crossbred littermate boars were used to assess the efficacy of bilateral removal of the cauda epididymides at an early age as a technique for creating teaser boars. The cauda epidiymides were surgically removed in one of each litter pair; the other of the pair served as an intact control. Boars subjected to removal of the epididymides (Epid) were rendered sterile by the technique. The Epid-treated and control untreated littermate boars had similar levels of sexual aggression and libido, as measured by behavioral characteristics at semen collection. The Epid-treated boars showed a slight, but not significant, reduction in ejaculate volume. Upon slaughter at 273 d of age, Epid and control boars had similar weights for the accessory sexual organs and penis and similar penile lengths. The Epid-treated boars displayed enlarged caput epididymides and granulomata. It is suggested that bilateral removal of the cauda epididymides in the neonatal pig may prove a worthwhile alternative to the traditional vasectomy procedure to create teaser boars. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 1 This study was a part of Project No. 35-0398of the Agric. Exp. Sta., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Additional funding was provided by the Illinois Pork Producers Assoc. (Grant No. 14 d) and by the Illinois Swine Progeny Testing Assoc. The authors gratefully acknowledge J. M. Stookey for care and handling of experimental animals, Henry Soto for advice on statistical analyses, Peggy Ann Eichen for technical assistance and Victoria Garza for preparation of the manuscript. 3 Dept. of Anim. Sci. Copyright 1989 by American Society of Animal Science American Society of Animal Science

Woodward, B., W.;Pollak, E., J.;Quaas, R., L.

doi: 10.2527/jas1989.67120xpmid: N/A

Abstract Weaning weights on 382,188 calves collected by the American Simmental Association during 1969 to 1983 were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the standard age-of-calf adjustment method for calves weaned between 160 and 250 d of age. The model included fixed effects for contemporary group, age of dam by sex and percent Simmental of calf and linear and quadratic regressions for age of calf (within age of dam by sex and percent Simmental). Separate analyses were conducted using actual weaning weights and standard 205-d weights as observations. The latter analysis indicated that the standard adjustment procedure did not eliminate the effect of age of calf. There was a consistent negative relationship between age of calf and standard 205-d weight. This relationship was more pronounced in calves from older dams. At extreme ages (160 or 250 d), bias in standard 205-d weights ranged from less than 1 kg to more than 16 kg. A second data set consisting of 96,040 records was used to compare two alternative adjustment methods to the standard 205-d adjustment. Regression coefficients estimated in analyses of the first data set were used. The two alternative methods were to adjust 1) actual weaning weights or 2) standard 205-d weights. The latter method was consistently better when compared across all percentage Simmental categories. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 2 Dept. of Anim. Sci. Copyright 1989 by American Society of Animal Science American Society of Animal Science

Lamb, M., A.;Tess, M., W.

doi: 10.2527/jas1989.67128xpmid: N/A

Abstract Stochastic computer models were developed to evaluate crossbreeding systems in small beef herds consisting of one bull, 30 cows and 10 replacements. Six systems were simulated: purebred (PB), two- and three-breed rotations using one bull per year (2R and 3R) or artificial insemination (2RAI and 3RAI) and four-breed composite (COMP). Inbreeding was avoided in all systems. Female replacements were selected from within the herd, whereas sires were purchased. Average heterosis estimates were assumed for calf survival (4.0%), conception rate (6.6%), weaning weight (5.4%, individual; 4.7%, maternal) and mature weight (2.5%). Estimates of calf and dam heterosis were used to calculate performance for calf weights weaned and sold, cull cow weights sold, total weight sold and gross calf, cow and total income. All crossbred systems were superior to the purebred system for weights sold and total income. The 2R and 3R systems utilized 82 to 85% of maximum heterosis available in 2RAI and 3RAI systems, respectively; however, no significant losses were found in weights sold or gross incomes. The COMP system ranked higher than 2R and 2RAI systems for all traits. Increasing the number of breeds (2 vs 3) did not significantly increase total weights or gross incomes. Results demonstrated that practical crossbreeding can be managed easily in small herds and that matings resulting in suboptimal heterosis levels do not cause significant losses in gross income. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 2 Dept. of Anim. Sci. 3 Current address: Dept. of Anim. and Range Sci., Montana State Univ., Bozeman 59717. Copyright 1989 by American Society of Animal Science American Society of Animal Science

Lamb, M., A.;Tess, M., W.

doi: 10.2527/jas1989.67140xpmid: 2925551

Abstract Stochastic computer models were used to evaluate nine crossbreeding systems in beef herds consisting of two bulls, 50 cows and 15 replacements. Systems examined were: 1) purebred (PB), 2) two- and three-breed rotations using natural service (2R and 3R) or artificial insemination (2RAI and 3RAI), 3) two-breed roto-terminals not exploiting complementarity using natural service (2RT) or AI (2RTAI) and 4) two-breed roto-terminals exploiting complementarity using natural service (2RTC) or AI (2RTCAI). Average heterosis estimates were taken from literature sources. Replacement females were produced within the herd; sires were purchased. Estimates of calf and dam heterosis were used to calculate performance of calf weight weaned and sold, cow and total weights sold and gross calf, cow and total incomes. All crossbred systems were superior to PB for weights sold and income. The natural-service systems (2R, 3R, 2RT and 2RTC) utilized 90 to 98% of the heterosis available in their AI counterparts (2RAI, 3RAI, 2RTAI and 2RTCAI). No differences were found between corresponding natural-service and AI systems for weights sold and incomes. Increasing the complexity of the system did not provide important improvements in traits measured. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 2 Dept. of Anim. Sci. 3 Current address: Dept. of Anim. and Range Sci., Montana State Univ., Bozeman 59717. Copyright 1989 by American Society of Animal Science American Society of Animal Science

Cymbaluk, N., F.;Christison, G., I.

doi: 10.2527/jas1989.67148xpmid: 2925552

Abstract The effects of diet and climate were assessed in 42 light horse weanlings over 30 wk. Horses were fed diets varying in energy and phosphorus content. Diets were predominantly forage (73 to 77.5%) or concentrate (62 to 62.25%) and had 2.65 or 3.09 Meal DE/kg DM, respectively. Horses were weighed every 14 d. Group feed intakes and climatic variables were recorded daily. Dietary phosphorus content did not affect intake or gain. Horses fed forage diets ate 18% more (P < .001) DM than horses fed concentrate, but DE intakes did not differ. Average DE intakes, 21.5 Meal daily, were 33% more than those given in 1978 National Research Council (NRC) tables. Overall ADG by forage- and concentrate-fed horses were .83 and .89 kg, respectively. These values were 23 and 32% above mean ADG values given for horses at 6 and 12 mo in 1978 NRC tables. Average daily gain declined (P < .01) with age, although daily DE intake increased (P < .01). Total DM and DE intakes were determined largely by body weight, but age was the main determinant of weight-scaled DE intake. Weight- and age-scaled DE intakes were reduced (P < .001) by 6.1% at temperatures below −10°C compared with temperatures above −10°C. Temperatures below −20°C had no greater effect on DE intake than those between −10 to −20°C. Neither precipitation nor wind alone affected weight- and age-adjusted DE intake. In conclusion, weanling horses fed readily digested diets ad libitum gained weight at or above expected values even at severely cold ambient temperatures. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 2 Dept. of Herd Med. and Theriogenol. 3 Dept. of Anim. and Poult. Sci. Copyright 1989 by American Society of Animal Science American Society of Animal Science

Boyd, Garth, W.;Lunstra, Donald, D.;Corah, Larry, R.

doi: 10.2527/jas1989.67160xpmid: 2925553

Abstract Eighty crossbred, virgin, yearling beef bulls were subjected to three serving capacity (SC) tests. Ten low SC (LSC) and 10 high SC (HSC) bulls similar in weight (avg wt = 452 kg), testicular size and seminal traits but differing in average services were selected. Objectives were to evaluate the mating behavior and fertility of LSC and HSC bulls at pasture when exposed to an average and a heavy mating load and to determine the effect of sexual activity on body weight and testicular characteristics. One LSC and one HSC bull per block were exposed single-sire to 25 naturally cyclic (N) cows for 3 d and to 9 estrus-synchronized (S) cows for 1 d in a randomized complete block design consisting of 10, 4-d blocks. Bulls were fitted with pedometers to record distance travelled. Behavioral data were collected by periodic visual observation. during the N cow treatment, LSC bulls had fewer (P < .05) services per cow, total services and a higher mount to service ratio than HSC bulls. during the S cow treatment, LSC bulls showed increased sexual activity, though they achieved fewer (P < .09) services per cow. Pregnancy rates for LSG and HSC bulls did not differ (P > .20) and across SC groups averaged 53.6% for N cows and 31.9% for S cows. Distance travelled also was similar (P > .20) between SC groups for both treatments. Sexual activity during pasture exposure had no effect (P > .20) on testicular characteristics but resulted in an average decline in body weight of 25.7 kg across SC groups during the 4-d period. Post-exposure SC tests found that LSC bulls had increased (P < .05) services, decreased mounts and mount to service ratio compared to pre-exposure measurements, but LSC were still lower (P = .06) than HSC bulls for average services. These results suggest that LSC virgin, yearling bulls should be offered sexual experience and retested before their inherent SC can be determined. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 1 The authors gratefully acknowledge the technical assistance of A1 Kruger, Ed Mohney, Steve Furman and Tom Garvin in recording behavioral data, measurements, semen collection and evaluation, and handling of animals. 3 Dept. of Anim. Sci. and Ind. 4 Present address: Dept. of Anim. Sci., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins 80523. 5 Reprod. Res. Unit, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Anim. Res. Center, ARS. Copyright 1989 by American Society of Animal Science American Society of Animal Science

Boyd, G., W.;Lunstra, D., D.;Corah, L., R.;Cochran, R., C.;Hahn, G., L.

doi: 10.2527/jas1989.67172xpmid: 2925554

Abstract Ten low (LSC) and 10 high (HSC) serving capacity yearling bulls were exposed individually to 25 naturally cyclic (N) cows for 3 d (average mating load) and subsequently to 9 estrus-synchronized (S) cows for 1 d (heavy mating load) in a randomized complete block design consisting of 10, 4-d blocks. Bulls were fitted with vibracorders and temperature acquisition modules to record grazing activity and body temperature (BT), respectively. during the N cow treatment, LSC bulls had fewer (P < .05) services per cow and a higher mount to service ratio than HSC bulls, and LSC bulls tended (P = .12) to graze less total time than HSC bulls (7.8 vs 9.0 h/d, respectively). However, both groups of bulls exhibited similar diurnal grazing patterns with two major daily grazing periods; the first (0400 to 1300) peaked early in the morning (0600) and the second (1700 to 2200) occurred in late afternoon and evening. during the S cow treatment, LSC and HSC bulls did not differ (P = .60) in grazing time or pattern, but similar mating activity was exhibited by both SC groups while exposed to S cows. Bulls grazed little during the hottest part of the day (1300 to 1700), and LSC and HSC bulls spent only 2.2 and 2.4 h, respectively, grazing during dark, cooler periods near midnight. Body temperature did not differ between SC groups and averaged 39.3°C during N cow treatment and 39.4°C during S cow treatment. Body temperature had a distinct, monophasic diurnal pattern in bulls exposed to an average mating load. during exposure to S cows, BT pattern changed dramatically, and BT was .7 to 1.2°C higher (P < .05) when bulls were engaged in heavy mating activity. We conclude that LSC and HSC bulls did not differ in grazing activity or BT pattern, but that patterns of grazing activity and BT may be interrelated and that BT pattern can be influenced by heaving mating activity. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes 2 The authors gratefully acknowledge the loan of vibracorders from Don C. Adams, USDA, Miles City, MT. 3 The authors wish to thank Lynn Gose for his technical assistance with the temperature modules and A1 Kruger, Ed Mohney, Steve Furman and Tom Garvin for the technical support they provided in recording behavioral data, obtaining measurements and handling of animals. 4 Dept. of Anim. Sci. and Ind. 5 Present address: Dept. of Anim. Sci., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins 80523. 6 Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, ARS. Copyright 1989 by American Society of Animal Science American Society of Animal Science

Curtis, Stanley, E.;Hurst, Robert, J.;Widowski, Tina, M.;Shanks, Roger, D.;Jensen, Aldon, H.;Gonyou, Harold, W.;Bane, David, P.;Muehling, Arthur, J.;Keslers, Richard, P.

doi: 10.2527/jas1989.67180xpmid: 2925555