Journal of Applied Psychology

HAIRE, MASON; GHISELLI, E. E.; GORDON, M. E.

doi: 10.1037/h0024870pmid: 5588182

A STUDY IN 3 SECTIONS OF EMPIRICAL DATA ON MANAGERIAL COMPENSATION FOR 3 GROUPS OF 90 MANAGERS IN EACH: (1) DESCRIBES THE DISTRIBUTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PAY OVER 25 YR., (2) PRESENTS A CORRELATION OF PAY WITH PAY OVER TIME AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES TO EXPLAIN THE OBSERVED RELATIONSHIPS, AND (3) PRESENTS A STATISTICAL MODEL OF PAY CAPITALIZING ON THE CUMULATIVE CHARACTER OF PAY AND THE FORMULAS FOR THE DISTRIBUTIONAL AND CORRELATIONAL CHARACTER OF COMPOSITES. THE POTENTIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL LEVERAGE OF HITHERTO LITTLE-CONSIDERED VARIABLES STANDS OUT. THE MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE STATISTICAL BEHAVIOR OF PAY ARE DISCUSSED IN DETAIL.

RIGNEY, JOSEPH W.; DEBOW, CHARLES H.

doi: 10.1037/h0024866pmid: 6075572

SIMILARITIES ANALYSIS WAS USED TO IDENTIFY THE COMBINATORIAL STRATEGY USED BY NAVAL OFFICERS IN EVALUATING THE RELATIVE THREAT OF PAIRED AIR RAIDS PRESENTED ON AN AIR SUMMARY PLOT. 63 WATCH OFFICERS JUDGED THE SIMILARITY, IN TERMS OF THREAT VALUE, OF ALL DIFFERENT PAIRS OF 20 AIR RAIDS VARYING IN RANGE, COURSE, BEARING, COMPOSITION, ALTITUDE, AND SPEED. THE THREAT VALUE OF EACH RAID WAS ESTIMATED, USING A 9-POINT SCALE. RESULTS INDICATE THAT JUDGMENTS OF THREAT VALUE WERE BASED PRIMARILY ON RANGE AND COURSE OF THE RAIDS.

CHANEY, FRED B.; TEEL, KENNETH S.

doi: 10.1037/h0024865pmid: 4169432

EVALUATED, SINGLY AND IN COMBINATION, THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A 4-HR TRAINING PROGRAM AND A SET OF VISUAL AIDS DESIGNED TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF 27 EXPERIENCED MACHINED-PARTS INSPECTORS. THE CRITERION WAS THE PERCENTAGE OF DEFECTS DETECTED IN A SAMPLE OF MACHINED PARTS. USE OF TRAINING ALONE RESULTED IN A 32% INCREASE IN DEFECTS DETECTED, WHILE USE OF VISUAL AIDS ALONE RESULTED IN A 42% INCREASE. USE OF BOTH RESULTED IN A 71% INCREASE, WHILE PERFORMANCE OF THE CONTROL GROUP DID NOT CHANGE.

BERGUM, BRUCE O.; LEHR, DONALD J.

doi: 10.1037/h0024769pmid: 6075573

EXAMINED THE EFFECTS OF THE INTEREST VALUE OF STIMULI ON PULSE RATE, CAPILLARY PULSE PRESSURE, AND OVERT EVALUATION RESPONSE LATENCIES. 12 SS EVALUATED 20 4-LETTER WORDS IN TERMS OF AN INTERESTING-DULL DIMENSION UNDER BOTH VISUAL AND AUDITORY PRESENTATION CONDITIONS WHILE THE 3 MEASURES OF INTEREST WERE SIMULTANEOUSLY AND CONTINUOUSLY RECORDED. THE RESULTS INDICATE NO RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PULSE RATE AND INTEREST LEVEL, BUT SIGNIFICANT FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BOTH CAPILLARY PULSE PRESSURE AND OVERT RESPONSE LATENCIES AND LEVELS OF INTEREST.

PAINE, FRANK T.; DEUTSCH, DONALD R.; SMITH, RODNEY A.

doi: 10.1037/h0024864pmid: 6075574

PREVIOUS EVIDENCE HAS INDICATED THAT WORK VALUES PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN VOCATIONAL CHOICE AND JOB SATISFACTION AND BEGIN TO STABILIZE IN ADOLESCENCE. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAMILY-BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS AND EXPECTED WORK VALUES FOR COLLEGE UNDERGRADUATES WAS INVESTIGATED. DIFFERENT, DISTINCT, FAMILY-BACKGROUND PATTERNS EXISTED FOR THOSE YOUTHS WHO STRESS (1) HUMANITARIAN SERVICE; (2) SECURITY AND PLEASANT ASSOCIATIONS AND WORKING CONDITIONS; (3) PRESTIGE, RESPONSIBILITY, AND INDEPENDENCE; (4) CREATIVITY; AND (5) MONETARY BENEFITS.

LOCKE, EDWIN A.

doi: 10.1037/h0024771pmid: 6075575

ATTEMPTED TO SEPARATE THE EFFECTS OF KNOWLEDGE OF RESULTS (KOR) AND GOAL SETTING USING A 2 * 2 FIXED-MODEL DESIGN. THE VARIABLES WERE KOR VS. NO KOR AND SPECIFIC HARD GOALS VS. "DO-BEST" GOALS. THE GOALS WERE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE GOALS TYPICALLY ASSIGNED TO KOR AND NO KOR SS. NO DIFFERENCE WAS FOUND BETWEEN THE GROUPS, BUT A SIGNIFICANT GOAL EFFECT WAS FOUND IN FAVOR OF SS GIVEN SPECIFIC HARD GOALS. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT EFFECTS PREVIOUSLY ATTRIBUTED TO DIFFERENTIAL KOR WERE ACTUALLY DUE TO DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MOTIVATION PRODUCED BY THE DIFFERENT GOALS. (30 REF.)

LINDSAY, CARL A.; MARKS, EDMOND; GORLOW, LEON

doi: 10.1037/h0024868pmid: 6075576

A FORMAL STATEMENT OF THE HERZBERG THEORY WAS UNDERTAKEN WHICH SPECIFIED FUNCTIONAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE VARIABLES OF INTEREST. A NONADDITIVE MODEL OF JOB SATISFACTION WAS ADVANCED TO TEST THE RELATIONSHIPS. A COMPLETE 3 * 3 * 2 FACTORIAL DESIGN (MOTIVATORS * HYGIENES * EMPLOYEE CLASSIFICATION) WAS EMPLOYED TO TEST 3 HYPOTHESES CONCERNING THE VARIANCE ACCOUNTED FOR BY THE TREATMENT EFFECTS AND THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES. TREATMENT EFFECTS WERE VARIED BY PRESENTING 18 GROUPS OF 15 INDUSTRIAL WORKERS EACH WITH PAIRINGS OF DIFFERENT QUALITATIVE LEVELS OF JOB FACTORS IN A QUESTIONNAIRE FORMAT. THE 3 HYPOTHESES WERE SUPPORTED BY THE RESULTS, AND IT IS CONCLUDED THAT HERZBERG'S CONCEPTION OF JOB SATISFACTION AS BEING COMPRISED OF 2 UNIPOLAR CONTINUA SHOULD BE REEVALUATED. (23 REF.)

SHIPLEY, T.; JONES, R. WAYNE; FRY, A.

doi: 10.1037/h0024799pmid: 6075577

MEASURED THE SIZE OF THE CENTRAL SCOTOMA AS A FUNCTION OF TIME IN THE DARK USING RADIOACTIVATED LIGHT SOURCES AND 2 LEVELS OF PREADAPTATION. THE RECOVERY TIME OF 7 SS TO INITIAL SIGHTING IS SHOWN TO BE A FUNCTION OF THE LEVEL OF PREADAPTATION, BUT THE SUBSEQUENT RATE OF SCOTOMA COLLAPSE IS NOT. THUS THIS RATE OF DECREASE IN SIZE IS A RELIABLE PSYCHOPHYSICAL INDEX OF VISION IN NORMAL OS. (15 REF.)

GOLDSTEIN, IRWIN L.; SOUTHARD, JACK F.; SCHUM, DAVID A.

doi: 10.1037/h0024789pmid: 6075578

DECISION MAKERS PROVIDED HYPOTHESES AND MADE DIAGNOSES, IN THE FORM OF CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY JUDGMENTS, TO ACCOUNT FOR THE OCCURRENCE OF CERTAIN CRITICAL EVENTS IN A SIMULATED HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT. THE DECISION MAKERS' ESTIMATES WERE COMPARED WITH SIMILAR ESTIMATES PROVIDED BY A BAYESIAN MODEL FOR SEVERAL LEVELS OF PERCENTAGE OF KNOWLEDGE OF RESULTS (KOR) AND 2 LEVELS OF SPECIFICITY OF KOR (ACCESS OR NO ACCESS TO MODEL ESTIMATES). THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN THE PROBABILISTIC ESTIMATES PROVIDED FOR 33%, 67%, AND 100% KOR BUT ALL 3 WERE SUPERIOR TO 0% KOR. DECISION MAKERS WITH ACCESS TO BAYESIAN MODEL ESTIMATES AS FEEDBACK WERE NOT ABLE TO IMPROVE THEIR JUDGMENTS SIGNIFICANTLY EVEN THOUGH THE MODEL-GENERATED SOLUTIONS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY SUPERIOR TO HUMAN ESTIMATES AT ALL KOR LEVELS ABOVE 0%.

BEVAN, WILLIAM; AVANT, LLOYD L.; LANKFORD, HARRY G.

doi: 10.1037/h0024773pmid: 6075579

4 INDEPENDENT GROUPS WERE OBSERVED IN A SIMPLE VISUAL DETECTION TASK. THE CONTROL GROUP, WHICH MONITORED THE DISPLAY CONTINUOUSLY FOR 90 MIN., SUFFERED A RELIABLE DECREMENT IN PERFORMANCE DURING THE COURSE OF OBSERVATION. 1 EXPERIMENTAL GROUP ENGAGED IN VIGOROUS PHYSICAL EXCERCISE FOR 5 MIN. AFTER EACH 30 MIN. OF WATCH-KEEPING, THE 2ND GROUP SOLVED ANAGRAMS FOR 5-MIN PERIODS, AND THE 3RD WAS SUBJECTED TO 5-MIN PERIODS OF SENSORY RESTRICTION. ALL OF THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS PERFORMED THE VIGILANCE TASK AT A HIGH LEVEL WITHOUT DECREMENT THROUGHOUT. THE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SUCCESSIVE CHANGE IN INPUT ARE DISCUSSED. (32 REF.)