Urban Studies: An International Journal of Research in Urban Studies

van Kempen, Ronald; şule Özüekren, A.

doi: 10.1080/0042098984088pmid: N/A

As an introduction to this special issue on ethnic segregation in cities, we offer the readers an overview of the explanatory factors of ethnic segregation and spatial concentration in modern welfare states. After a discussion of the disadvantages and advantages of segregation and concentration, which can be seen as the impetus behind the widespread interest in this topic, we will briefly review some 'traditional' theories. That review will be followed by a closer look at behavioural theories and explanations in which constraints are central. The next section will elaborate on restructuring processes, giving special attention to economic change and its effects on cities, groups and spatial arrangements. We will conclude this introduction with a few remarks on the future of ethnic segregation and concentration and outline some possible directions for future research in this field.

Peach, Ceri

doi: 10.1080/0042098984097pmid: N/A

The paper deals with choice and constraint in ethnic minority housing in Britain. It argues that the interpretation of patterns has changed from one in which minorities were viewed as powerless victims of racist discriminatory constraint, to one in which they are seen as exercising a greater degree of autonomy. Indian and Pakistani housing tenure is shown to have great similarities in terms of owner-occupation but to diverge greatly in terms of house type and location. Bangladeshis and Caribbeans are shown to share similarities in terms of socioeconomic class and housing tenure patterns, but to differ strongly in terms of the reasons for their high concentrations in council housing and also in the locations in which they live and their trends in terms of segregation. Bangladeshis and Pakistanis are shown to have similar socioeconomic profiles, but to differ in tenure and house types. Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis are shown to have similar family structures but to differ in house types. The housing patterns of Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Caribbeans in Britain owe more to ethnicity and culture than to race.

Phillips, Deborah

doi: 10.1080/0042098984105pmid: N/A

This paper examines the post-war migration and settlement in Britain of black minority ethnic groups originating from countries such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and the West Indies. The processes underlying the pattern of minority ethnic concentration and segregation over the past four decades are reviewed and provide a framework for interpreting the uneven pattern of deconcentration and dispersal evident over the past 10-15 years. The paper draws on evidence from the labour market and the housing market to argue that there are forces for both minority ethnic inclusion and exclusion from competition for economic rewards and social status in Britain. These forces, it is argued, produce different outcomes for different groups and a variable experience within minority ethnic groups according to generation, gender and class. A picture of fragmented social and spatial change emerges, with those of Indian origin in particular following a different trajectory from other black minority ethnic groups.

Daley, Patricia O.

doi: 10.1080/0042098984114pmid: N/A

Research on Britain's African population has been rather limited, which is partly due to the lack of data. The 1991 Census gave official recognition to the increasing permanency of the African population through the introduction of the ethnic category Black African, which enumerated the group's population at 212 362 and resulted in a vast amount of illuminating demographic and socioeconomic data. This paper draws heavily on this database. It is clear that the Black-African group tends to have similar spatial patterns to the Black-Caribbean, but a high degree of segregation from whites and other ethnic groups. This can be explained through discrimination, economic marginalisation and poor social housing, although cultural factors do contribute to the pattern. It is suggested that Black-African concentrations may begin to disperse to replicate the current suburbanisation experience of the Black Caribbean.

White, Paul

doi: 10.1080/0042098984123pmid: N/A

Contemporary international migration flows into European cities are now more diverse than used to be the case. The movement of less-skilled labour migrants has been replaced by the circulation of high-skill executives and specialist personnel involved in transnational corporations and in the financial services and other sectors affected by economic globalisation. To these are added other new service migrants and increased flows of students and independent young people. As a result, world cities are now witnessing the emergence of important categories of non-racialised international migrant groups. This paper considers whether such groups form distinctive residential concentrations in Greater London and uses the limited aggregate data available from the census to establish a general view of the geography of developed world migrants. There are important implications for urban theory and for discussions of urban ethnicity.

Friedrichs, Jürgen

doi: 10.1080/0042098984132pmid: N/A

The city of Cologne is, like Frankfurt/Main, Munich and Stuttgart, one of the German cities with high shares of ethnic minorities. In this paper, ethnic segregation in Cologne is analysed for three points in time: 1984, 1989 and 1994. One of the main conclusions is that segregation is declining for many groups, indicating a process of spatial dispersion across the city. 'New' immigrants, however, tend to be more segregated than 'older' groups. Economic conditions seem to be one of the crucial explaining elements. They influence the extent and development of segregation patterns directly, as well as indirectly.

Kemper, Franz-Josef

doi: 10.1080/0042098984141pmid: N/A

In Germany, and particularly in Berlin, the fall of the Wall in 1989 and the years following reunification were accompanied by a large influx of immigrants. These 'new' migrants in Berlin are added to the long-resident guestworker population in the western part of the city. This paper investigates the housing situation of the increasing population of foreigners before and after unification as well as the changing segregation of ethnic minorities. After a comparison of the different housing systems in East and West Berlin and their consequences for ethnic segregation in the 1980s, the main elements of the housing transformation since 1990 are identified and related to the changing residential patterns of foreigners. The patterns of four selected nationalities with divergent migration motives are analysed in more detail. The paper draws attention to differences between East and West Berlin as well as to recent convergences between the two parts of the city.

Giffinger, Rudolf

doi: 10.1080/0042098984150pmid: N/A

Market barriers may have an enormous influence on the spatial segregation patterns of immigrant groups. This is specifically the case in Vienna, Austria, where accessibility rules with respect to different segments of the housing stock can be seen as one of the most important factors in explaining the residential patterns of Turks and Yugoslavs. Describing and explaining the patterns of these groups is the central issue in this paper. Conclusions are drawn with a reference to recent economic and social trends and the ongoing deregulation of the housing market.

van Kempen, Ronald; van Weesep, Jan

doi: 10.1080/0042098984169pmid: N/A

This article describes recent trends in the residential patterns of ethnic minorities, specifically Turks and Moroccans, in Dutch cities. In order to evaluate the patterns and their dynamics, some general observations about segregation are included. The patterns in the big cities are compared to those observed elsewhere in the country and in other European cities. This brief comparison is followed by a discussion of how the observed spatial patterns affect the social life of the groups in question. The article concludes with a list of factors that are likely to influence the evolution of ethnic residential patterns in the Netherlands in the near future. There seem to be ever fewer reasons to believe that the trend towards increasing segregation in Dutch cities can be reversed.

Kesteloot, Christian; Cortie, Cees

doi: 10.1080/0042098984178pmid: N/A

In this paper, the settlement patterns of Turks and Moroccans in Brussels will be compared with the patterns of the same groups in Amsterdam. It will be argued that housing market variables explain a lot of the differences between the two cities. The large number of (affordable) social dwellings in Amsterdam forms a significant contrast with the virtual lack of these dwellings in the Brussels area. Historical variables account for these different kinds of housing stock. Cultural variables, differences between and within the categories of Turks and Moroccans, can be seen as an additional explanatory factor for the segregation and concentration patterns of Turks and Moroccans in both cities.