Water Resources Research

Brill, E. Downey; Revelle, Charles S.; Liebman, Jon C.

doi: 10.1029/WR015i005p00993pmid: N/A

Alternative effluent charge programs are examined with regard to cost, charge payments, financial burden, and punitive effects. These efficiency and equity issues are evaluated for constant unit charge programs and for effluent charge schedule programs; the latter are found to reduce the charge payments and the financial burden significantly. Example charge schedule solutions are also shown to compare favorably to the corresponding direct regulation solutions.

Cohon, Jared L.; Church, Richard L.; Sheer, Daniel P.

doi: 10.1029/WR015i005p01001pmid: N/A

A technique for generating an approximate or an exact representation of the noninferior set for problems with two objectives is presented. The approach proceeds by using the slope of the line segment between adjacent, previously generated noninferior extreme points to find new noninferior solutions to improve the approximation or to establish the noninferiority of the line segment when the entire noninferior set is to be generated. The proposed technique compares favorably with other generating techniques when the analytical goal is to approximate the noninferior set. A major innovation is the computation of the maximum possible error, which the analyst may control, to obtain an approximation of a desired degree of accuracy. A small example and a river basin planning problem of moderate size are used to demonstrate the use of the algorithm. Further research is required to extend the algorithm to problems with more than two objectives.

Houck, Mark H.

doi: 10.1029/WR015i005p01011pmid: N/A

A chance constrained linear programing model which employs multiple linear decision rules is developed. The model incorporates explicitly the stochastic nature of the streamflow process, can be used in design and/or management situations, does not significantly restrict the operating policy prior to solution, and is economically and computationally feasible. A portion of the Yakima River system is modeled to demonstrate the use of the multiple linear decision rules.

Murray, Daniel M.; Yakowitz, Sidney J.

doi: 10.1029/WR015i005p01017pmid: N/A

This paper describes a modification of differential dynamic programming (DDP) which makes that technique applicable to certain constrained sequential decision problems such as multireservoir control problems discussed in the hydrology literature. The authors contend that the method proffered here is superior to available alternatives. This belief is supported by analysis (wherein it transpires that constrained DDP does not suffer the ‘curse of dimensionality’ and requires no discretization) and computational experimentation (wherein DDP is found to quickly locate solutions of 4‐reservoir problems introduced by other investigations as well as the solution of a 10‐reservoir problem thought to be beyond the capability of alternative methods).

Thampapillai, Dodo J.; Sinden, J. A.

doi: 10.1029/WR015i005p01028pmid: N/A

Benefit transformation curves are derived from a multiple objective linear programing model. These transformation curves are used to assess the relationship between objectives. The model consists of a weighted objective function which can be parametized. Procedures are suggested to narrow the search for an efficient management strategy on the transformation curve. However, the validity of the transformation curve depends on how non‐commensurables are valued and so different methods of valuation are presented and used. The model is illustrated through application to a policy problem in northern New South Wales, Australia.

Yakowitz, Sidney J.

doi: 10.1029/WR015i005p01035pmid: N/A

This paper presents to an audience of research hydrologists what is believed to be a significant new development in time series modeling. The model class is the class of (not necessarily finite state) Markov chains. The basic advantage of this class is that in comparison to parametric models (such as autoregressive moving average) it is a very rich class, and the value of the statistical method described herein is that, as proven elsewhere, it provides convergence over this large class. The technique is applied to Cheyenne River data, and discussion is provided on how to incorporate prior statistical and geological information into the model. Also, comparisons are made between the nonparametric Markov analysis provided here and the currently popular streamflow models and statistical techniques.

Al‐Niami, A. N. S.; Rushton, K. R.

doi: 10.1029/WR015i005p01044pmid: N/A

Analytical solutions are presented for dispersion in stratified porous media. Two different situations are considered, namely, flow parallel to the stratifications and flow perpendicular to the stratifications. Numerical examples are selected to illustrate certain of the trends.

Greenwood, J. Arthur; Landwehr, J. Maciunas; Matalas, N. C.; Wallis, J. R.

doi: 10.1029/WR015i005p01049pmid: N/A

Distributions whose inverse forms are explicitly defined, such as Tukey's lambda, may present problems in deriving their parameters by more conventional means. Probability weighted moments are introduced and shown to be potentially useful in expressing the parameters of these distributions.

Landwehr, J. Maciunas; Matalas, N. C.; Wallis, J. R.

doi: 10.1029/WR015i005p01055pmid: N/A

Estimates of the parameters and quantiles of the Gumbel distribution by the methods of probability weighted moments, (conventional) moments, and maximum likelihood were compared. Results were derived from Monte Carlo experiments by using both independent and serially correlated Gumbel numbers. The method of probability weighted moments was seen to compare favorably with the other two techniques.

Fox, Patricia M.; LaPerriere, Jacqueline D.; Carlson, Robert F.

doi: 10.1029/WR015i005p01065pmid: N/A

While there are many diverse temperate lake models available, there are none which are comprehensive annual northern lake models. Northern lakes are those which lie above 40°N latitude, have continuous winter ice cover, and experience large seasonal differences in daylight patterns. Therefore it is necessary to review the temperate ecosystem and smaller process models along with reported field studies to assess model adequacy for northern application. While most northern lake processes have been described in the literature, there is little agreement between investigators as to specific formulations. However, lake modeling can be a viable tool in northern lake utilization studies provided certain precautions are taken. When using the various formulations presented in this review to develop and apply a model, all assumptions of each component should be considered. Also, the uncertainty in the data and model should be incorporated or at least considered with the resulting estimates.