The all pervasive principle of repetitious recurrence governs not only coding sequence construction but also human endeavor in musical compositionOhno, Susumu; Ohno, Midori
doi: 10.1007/BF00373112pmid: 3744439
Organisms which have evolved on this earth are governed by multitudes of periodicities; tomorrow is another today, and the next year is going to be much like this year. Accordingly, the principle of repetitious recurrence pervades every aspect of life on this earth. Thus, individual genes in the genome have been duplicated and triplicated often to the point of redundancy, and each coding sequence consists of numerous variously truncated as well as variously base-substituted copies of the original primordial building block base oligomers and their allies. This principle even appears to govern the manifestations of human intellect; musical compositions also rely on this principle of repetitious recurrence. Accordingly, coding base sequences can be transformed into musical scores using one set rule. Conversely, musical scores can be transcribed to coding base sequences of long open reading frames.
Order of class III genes relative to HLA genes determined by the haplotype methodWilton, Alan; Charlton, Brett
doi: 10.1007/BF00373113pmid: 3462127
The B18 C4A3 C4BQ0 BfF1 DR3 haplotype was found to be ideal for determining the order of C4 and Bf relative to HLA-B and DR by the haplotype method. All the copies of this haplotype are assumed to be derived from a single ancestral haplotype. Sixteen of the twenty-six BfFl-containing haplotypes carried all of the alleles from this “ancestral” haplotype. Most of the other BfFl-containing haplotypes could be derived from the “ancestral” haplotype by a single crossover event for one of the two possible gene orders. This suggests that B18 C4A3 C4BQ0 BfFl DR3 is the sole source of the BfFl allele. The uncommon C4 type on B18 C4A3 C4BQ0 BfFl DR3 facilitates recognition of the BfFl-containing products of recombination between Bf and C4. One such recombinant haplotype was found which shows that the orientation of the class III genes is as follows: C4 is closest to HLA-B and Bf is closest to HLA-DR. This gene order is supported by all the earlier unequivocal results obtained using the haplotype method (Olaisen et al. 1983, Marshall et al. 1984a). Combining these results with the information on class III genes obtained from overlapping cosmid clones (Carroll et al. 1984) and earlier mapping studies (Robson and Lamm 1984) shows that HLA-B is telomeric to 21B. C4B, 21A, C4A, Bf and C2 then follow 21B in that order covering 120 kb. HLA-DR is located further toward the centromere.
High antibody response to autologous type II collagen is restricted to H-2 qHolmdahl, Rikard; Klareskog, Lars; Andersson, Mikael; Hansen, Carl
doi: 10.1007/BF00373114pmid: 3744440
The incidence of arthritis and the antibody response to mouse and to rat type 11 collagen after immunization with native rat type II collagen was studied in different mouse strains, including wild mouse-derived strains belonging to the H-2p/H-2q family. High serum levels of antibodies to mouse and rat type II collagen were seen only in H-2q mice, whereas mice belonging to the p, w3, w5, and w17 haplotypes displayed low type II collagen-specific antibody responses. Mice from three different H-2q-carrying strains (DBA/1, NFR/N, and B10.G) with different non-major histocompatibility complex genes were all susceptible to collagen arthritis, but they displayed a varying incidence of arthritis and varying clinical features. No arthritis was seen in non-H-2q mice, except in the B10.CAS2 strain where a few mice developed arthritis despite very low serum levels of type II collagen-specific antibodies. We conclude that small differences in the Aβ chain of class II transplantation antigens are of importance for the development of arthritis and for the stimulation of a high response after immunization with type 11 collagen.
Subset analysis of human class II molecules controlled by the DR2/Dw2 haplotype: Two separate DR subsets carry the DR2 specificityTanigaki, Nobuyuki; Tosi, Roberto; Ferrara, Giovanni
doi: 10.1007/BF00373116pmid: 2427443
Human class II molecules were isolated from cells of a DR2/Dw2-homozygous cell line, PGF. The three mutually exclusive subsets were separated by selective binding with monoclonal antibody MCS7 and alloantisera CCB921 and KY22. The specificity involved in the binding with alloantisera was identified to be a supertypic specificity associated with DR1, 2, and w9 for CCB921 and the DQwl specificity known to be associated with DR1, 2, w6, and w10 for KY22. The MCS7 specificity appeared to be a cross-reactive specificity related to the DRw52-like specificity. On peptide mapping, the α chains of MCS7- and CCB921-reactive subsets were the same, showing the pattern characteristic of DRα chains, whereas the β chains were very similar to, but distinguishable from, each other. These structural features conformed to those of DR or DR-like subsets. The KY22-reactive subset was distinctive in both α and β chains from the above two subsets, and it displayed peptide patterns typical to DQwl-bearing Ia molecules. Interestingly, the MCS7- and CCB921-reactive subsets both carried the DR2 specificity, as indicated by their binding to alloantiserum Fe73/22 which was proven to be DR2-specific.
Biochemical genetics of TL antigensMichaelson, James; Boyse, Edward; Ciccia, Lisa; Flaherty, Lorraine; Fleissner, Erwin; Garnick, Ellen; Hämmerling, Ulrich; Lawrence, Mark; Mauch, Peter; Shen, Fung
doi: 10.1007/BF00373117pmid: 2427440
TL antigens are class I glycoproteins which are expressed on thymocytes and which are coded by the Tla region of the major histocompatibility complex of the mouse. Biochemical analysis of TL molecules from different strains of mice revealed structural variation determined by the Tla region which is detectable by peptide mapping, isoelectric focusing, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, two-dimensional gels, and by differential reactivity of allelic forms of TL molecules with a panel of anti TL reagents. The quantity of TL expressed on thymocytes is also influenced by the Tla region; three quantitative phenotypes were identified: high (Tla
a, Tla
d, Tla
c), intermediate (Tla
c, Tla
f), and low (Tla
b). (Relative amounts: 1000 : 100 : 1.) Some thymic leukemias arising in (Tla
b, Tla
c, Tla
c) mice with genetically determined reduced levels of thymic TL were found to express TL molecules which were structurally indistinguishable from TL isolated from thymocytes but were present in larger amounts. This suggests that TL structural genes are intrinsically capable of full expression in all mice but that the Tla region of mice expressing an intermediate or low quantity of TL is marked by some feature which causes the thymocyte to express less than the full amount of TL possible.
A study of the HLA-D region in patients with classic Kaposi's sarcomaRobbins, Elizabeth; Cohen, Nadine; Contu, Licino; Dausset, Jean
doi: 10.1007/BF00373118pmid: 3017851
The HLA-D region in nine Sardinian patients with classic Kaposi's sarcoma was studied with two restriction enzymes, Eco RI and Eco RV, and two cDNA probes, DRβ and DQβ. A total of 41 polymorphic restriction fragments were identified. One, an 11.5 kb Eco RV DQβ fragment, was present in three of the patients but in none of the controls; a second, an 8.0 kb Eco RV DRβ fragment, was present in six patients and all the controls. No single fragment was identified which was significantly over or under-represented in either group.