International Journal of Communication Systems

Shirvanian, Naser; Shams, Maryam; Rahmani, Amir Masoud

doi: 10.1002/dac.5267pmid: N/A

The Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to connect devices with unique identifiers over a network to create an equilibrium system with high speeds and volumes of data while presenting an interoperability challenge. The IoT data management system is indispensable for attaining effective and efficient performance because IoT sensors generate and collect large amounts of data used to express large data sets. IoT data management has been analyzed from various perspectives in numerous studies. In this study, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method was used to investigate the various topics and key areas that have recently emerged in IoT data management. This study aims to classify and evaluate studies published between 2015 and 2021 in IoT data management. Therefore, the classification of studies includes five categories, data processing, data smartness application, data collection, data security, and data storage. Then, studies in each field are compared based on the proposed classification. Each study investigates novel findings, simulation/implementation, data set, application domain, experimental results, advantages, and disadvantages. In addition, the criteria for evaluating selected articles for each domain of IoT data management are examined. Big data accounts for the highest percentage of data processing fields in IoT data management, at 34%. In addition, fast data processing, distributed data, artificial intelligence data with 22%, and data uncertainty analysis account for 11% of the data processing field. Finally, studies highlight the challenges of IoT data management and its future directions.

A, Sureshkumar; D, Surendran

doi: 10.1002/dac.5261pmid: N/A

Extreme densities are an important factor in future mobile networks that can provide very high data rate to mobile users. It also increases complexity in handover decisions and resource management. However, SDNs (software‐defined networks) and mobility models can provide seamless mobility and efficient resource management in heterogeneous mobile environment, and ensure QoS (quality of service) is achieved. The paper proposes SDN based on GMM (Group Mobility Model) called MoMo, and resource management using MLOAs (mutation lion optimization algorithms) are used to alleviate handover and addressing issues in network congestion. The proposed method is based on SDN controllers working in global perspectives for achieving required network conditions and end user QoSs. SDN with GMM‐MoMo‐MLOA offer transparent and dynamic support for sessions during handoffs and thus eliminates congestion overheads and packet losses related to mobile traffic, resulting in improved QoS for mobile users. The performance analysis through experiments depicts that the proposed model gives enhanced performance when compared to that of the other conventional methods and also has proven efficiency in terms of other parameters such as handover latency, signaling cost, throughput, and packet loss. The results from the simulation show that the proposed method SDN‐GMM‐MoMo‐MLOA greatly improves the performance of network and also maintains optimum resource utilization and efficiency.

Addepalli, Tathababu; Babu, Kamili Jagadeesh; Beno, A.; Potti, Bala Murali Krishna; R, Nageswara Rao; Sundari, D. Thiripura; Devana, V. N. Koteswara Rao

doi: 10.1002/dac.5257pmid: N/A

The work presents the design of a novel semi‐circular arc‐shaped two‐element multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna with improved isolation. The antenna is obtained by cutting and subtracting a circular disk from another circular disk, forming the shape of a semi‐circular arc. The antenna is replicated to form a two element MIMO antenna system on a FR4 substrate of size 36 × 26 mm2 with edge‐to‐edge separation of 12.4 mm. The developed MIMO antenna resonates in the frequency range 3.26 to 6.97 GHz giving a maximum element‐to‐element isolation around 26 dB in the operating bandwidth. Also, the antenna gives a maximum radiation efficiency of 98% with a peak gain of 5.3 dBi in the operating band. The proposed compact MMO antenna covers wide variety of wireless applications like 5G sub‐6 GHz and wireless local area network (WLAN) applications, which includes n77/n78/n79, WiFi‐5, V2X/DSRC, WiFi‐6, and INSAT‐C bands. Characteristic mode analysis (CMA) is performed in characterizing the performance of the antenna over the specified operating bands by studying and analyzing the parameters like modal significance (MS), characteristic angle (CA), modal current, and modal patterns. The obtained MIMO parameters like envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), mean effective gain (MEG), and total active reflection coefficient (TARC) reveal that the proposed antenna is a suitable choice in MIMO environment.

Manoharan, Mathankumar; Ponnusamy, Thirumoorthi

doi: 10.1002/dac.5263pmid: N/A

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), restricted battery power, balanced energy consumption, and collaborative data processing are considered as key challenges that need to be handled with utmost care. Clustering in WSNs is an optimal methodology for conserving energy of sensor nodes and attaining efficient data processing that attributes toward the maximization of network lifetime. An efficient cluster head (CH) selection scheme is essential for achieving superior collaborative data processing in WSNs. Swarm intelligent metaheuristic algorithm‐based CH selection approaches are identified to be better for designing energy‐efficient schemes that select optimal CHs from nodes in a fair way. In this paper, Hybrid Grasshopper and Differential Evolution‐based Optimization Algorithm (HGDEOA) is proposed for targeting on the objective of attaining energy stability and prolonging network lifetime. This HGDEOA incorporates an adaptive strategy into differential evolution (DE) for improving the global searching capability during the process of optimization. It is proposed for improving the convergence efficiency and maintaining population diversity. It also possesses the capability of enhancing the degree of convergence speed and precision in calculation. This integration of GOA into DE prevents the premature convergence of the algorithm, since the deviation amid the scaling individuals induces the population to be more randomly distributed, targeting at the retention of population diversity. The simulation results confirm that the proposed HGDEOA sustains residual energy by 19.32%, improves throughput by 16.21%, prolongs network lifetime by 18.76%, and maintains stability by18.94% when compared to the benchmarked approaches used for investigation.

Mehta, Ridhima

doi: 10.1002/dac.5264pmid: N/A

Efficient routing of generated packets through the network with minimal overhead in path discovery and subsequent route maintenance is the fundamental objective required in the modern wireless network operation. Recently, the application of autonomic computational learning techniques for design and optimization of routing protocols in ad hoc networks is substantially gaining the research interest. The commonly deployed soft computing methodology of fuzzy inference system is capable of handling uncertain and imprecise networking information related to the frequently changing states of generic mobile technologies. In this paper, we propose a novel fuzzy logic‐based ad hoc on‐demand distance vector (FL‐AODV) routing protocol employing the multivariate cross‐layer design architecture to optimize the multiple performance parameters in wireless ad hoc networks. This fuzzy optimization framework essentially applies the header length from data link and physical layers, route timeout from network layer, and node mobility speed from application layer as inputs to the fuzzification interface. Besides, bit rate for application layer and communication range parameter for data link layer are scrutinized as the fuzzy outputs derived from the defuzzifier. The designed adaptive routing protocol is extensively assessed through simulation experimental analysis under the varying effects of node mobility conditions. Various network performance attributes including the reception cache hit, packet delivery ratio, packet errors, ping loss rate, mean throughput, and delay are computed and analyzed for comprehensive comparison between the presented fuzzy‐based FL‐AODV and classical AODV routing mechanisms. Finally, we compare our fuzzy routing model with previous algorithms to demonstrate its efficacy in terms of key performance metrics of throughput and delay.

doi: 10.1002/dac.4875pmid: N/A

No abstract is available for this article.

Aldaoud, Manar; Al‐Abri, Dawood; Awadalla, Medhat; Kausar, Firdous

doi: 10.1002/dac.5266pmid: N/A

Named data networking (NDN) is gaining momentum as a future Internet architecture. NDN is a type of information‐centric networking (ICN) that attempts to change the current Internet architecture from host/location‐centric to content‐centric, where data retrieving is done by the names of the contents irrespective of the location of the data. A mechanism to advertise the name‐based prefixes between different domains is necessary to accelerate the NDN deployment. In IP‐based routing, border gateway protocol (BGP) is the de facto inter‐domain routing protocol that plays a vital role in Internet communication by enabling different Internet domains to exchange routing information. In its current form, BGP can advertise and process IP‐based prefixes, but it cannot advertise or process NDN name‐based prefixes. Accordingly, BGP needs to be extended to support NDN technology. This paper proposes an NDN extension for BGP, referred to as N‐BGP, that offers a solution to exchange name‐based routes in the current BGP networks. This proposed extension modifies the traditional BGP speaker into a hybrid one. This hybrid speaker is qualified to understand, advertise, receive, process, and store both IP‐based and name‐based routes simultaneously and efficiently, without disturbing or breaking the current Internet operation; that is, it can coexist along with traditional speakers. We also validate and evaluate our proposed solution in a hybrid environment, and the results show that N‐BGP has the capability to exchange and process both Name and IP‐based routes efficiently.

Nizampatnam, Srikanth; Shankar, Thirunarayanan; Yamuna, Govindarajan

doi: 10.1002/dac.5251pmid: N/A

The problem of extending the lifespan of wireless sensor networks (WSN) based on the Internet of Things (IoT) has been widely investigated over the last 20 years. This paper proposes an Optimized J‐RMAC (optimized joint routing and media access control protocol) to guarantee the network lifetime in IoT‐based WSN. Initially, all sensor nodes report their position and coverage information to the sink, which uses this information to pick a list of active nodes based on energy usage and active time. Then, the k‐covered network is formed to execute the routing task by selecting the active nodes with the largest sensing areas. A multi‐objective seagull optimization algorithm (MO‐SOA) represents routing paths between the source and destination by considering two objective functions: energy consumption cost and end‐to‐end delay of a routing path. After that, the contention window of the nodes in the routing path is adjusted using a new iterative adaptive adjustment process of the contention window with adjustment parameters (IAACW‐AP) to avoid message conflicts. The proposed protocol is simulated in the NS2 simulator. The performance of the proposed protocol will be compared with existing strategies in terms of network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, communication overhead, energy consumption, and delay.

Kamel, Amna Shibib; Jalal, Ali Sadeq A.

doi: 10.1002/dac.5252pmid: N/A

In this paper, a design of a reconfigurable printed antenna circuitry for 5G portable devices is proposed based on a miniaturized structure. Thus, the proposed antenna is structured as a printed circuit monopole with a coplanar waveguide port (CWP). The ground proposed CWP is designed as an L‐shaped reflector in order to increase the directivity of the proposed antenna toward a certain direction. A matching circuitry based on a fractal Minkowski structure of the first order is inductively attached to the antenna design to increase the antenna bandwidth. To control the antenna performance, the matching circuit is connected to the L‐shaped reflector through four PIN diodes. The effects of different switching scenarios on the antenna performance are tested numerically and experimentally for validation. It is found that when all diodes are switched ON, such antenna shows two frequency bands, S11 < −10 dB, from 3.5 to 3.7 GHz and from 5.08 to 6.9 GHz. Nevertheless, the antenna gain is found to be about 3.47 dBi at 3.6 GHz and 3.69 dBi around 5.1 GHz. The other switching scenarios are tested and presented in this work. It is observed that the PIN diodes' switching affects significantly on the antenna directivity and the radiation patterns. The antenna performance is parametrically analyzed using CST MWS based on a numerical technique and based on an analytical circuit model. The proposed antenna is fabricated and tested to be compared against the theoretical results. An excellent agreement was obtained between the simulated and measured results.

Bag, Biplab; Mondal, Kalyan; Sarkar, Partha Pratim

doi: 10.1002/dac.5258pmid: N/A

A novel‐shaped dual‐band circularly polarized (CP) monopole antenna is proposed. Two parasitic strips are fabricated under the unique shaped monopole element to get dual broad operation bands. The proposed antenna is fabricated on the FR4 substrate with the specification of the substrate dimension 40 mm × 30 mm, εr=4.4, h=1.6mm, and loss tangent tanδ=0.02. The parasitic elements are responsible to improve the current distribution Ix and Iy on the surface. Two CP modes are developed for orthogonally distributions of Ex and Ey fields with same magnitude. All the successive CP modes are merged, and a broad AR BW is achieved. The RHCP and LHCP waves radiate along the broadside direction at the lower and higher frequency bands. The achieved two impedance bandwidth and axial ratio (AR) bandwidth are 1.5 GHz (7.05–8.55 GHz), 4.45 GHz (11.65–16.1 GHz) and 1.4 GHz (7.1–8.5 GHz), 0.2 GHz (14.6–14.8 GHz). A very good gain response along with two peak gains of 5.5 dBi and 5.9 dBi is achieved. The proposed antenna is applicable for International Telecommunication Union (ITU) satellite communication (7.25–7.75 GHz, 7.9–8.4 GHz) and Ku‐band satellite applications (11.7–12.2 GHz) and (14–14.5 GHz).