Journal of Surfactants and Detergents

doi: 10.1002/jsde.12521pmid: N/A

Singh, Rishi Devendra; Kapila, Shreya; Ganesan, Neela Gayathri; Rangarajan, Vivek

doi: 10.1002/jsde.12571pmid: N/A

Nanoemulsions are being increasingly utilized in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industries. They have gained special attention in the cosmetic sector owing to their smaller size and higher kinetic stability and their ability to improve the cutaneous penetration of active ingredients. In addition, they reduce transepidermal water loss, which augments the skin's barrier function. In recent years, the increased awareness among consumers about the health‐linked benefits of natural ingredients in cosmetics has urged finding green cosmetic ingredients that are benign to the skin. One of the natural motivations for this quest is finding suitable emulsifier candidates with negligible side effects that are sourced from plants or microbes, which can serve as viable replacements to the erstwhile used synthetic surfactants. Formulating a stable nanoemulsion system for cosmetic application entails a systematic understanding of important attributes of the surfactant candidate such as critical micelle concentration, hydrophilic lipophilic balance, critical packing parameter, and Winsor ratio that are pivotal to the overall performance of the emulsion system. The current review attempts to portray the salient features of nanoemulsion systems in cosmetic formulations, by essentially capturing the important characteristics of the emulsifier that dictate the overall stability of a nanoemulsion system. The recent transition toward the use of green ingredients such as emulsifiers and oils that are dermatologically safe has been delineated, by highlighting their important properties. Furthermore, the progress made so far in the application of microbial biosurfactants in nanoemulsion formulations is presented. Finally, the factors that dictate the overall stability of the nanoemulsion are briefly reviewed.

Mir, Ab Waheed; Shaheen, Arifa; Wani, Mohammad Rafiq; Arif, Rabia

doi: 10.1002/jsde.12566pmid: N/A

The fatty acid‐based imidazolium gemini surfactants containing hydroxy‐substituted spacers were synthesized and characterized by different spectral techniques. The micellization behavior of product compounds was studied by determining their critical micelle concentration (cmc) values from steady state fluorescence and conductivity measurements. The thermodynamic parameters of micellization of synthesized gemini surfactants confirmed that the micelle formation is a thermodynamically favorable, endothermic and an entropy driven phenomenon. The surfactants were further analyzed for their cytotoxic nature by treating them upon human embryonic kidney cell (HEK‐293) line and were found to be significantly low cytotoxic. The interesting features like low cmc values, non‐cytotoxic and eco‐friendly nature of the gemini surfactants may offer new and more efficient substitutes to the conventional drug delivery systems. Thus the gemini surfactants may serve as promising candidates in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields.

A, Mavani; Ovung, Aben; Luikham, Soching; Ray, Debes; Aswal, Vinod K.; Chatterjee, Sabyasachi; Bhattacharyya, Jhimli

doi: 10.1002/jsde.12569pmid: N/A

Micellar solubilization has been used extensively for the dissolution of sparingly soluble drugs for effective drug delivery. Apart from improving the solubility and bioavailability, micelles can help reduce toxicity and improve permeability in the system. In this article, solubilization of a well‐known antibiotic, sulfamethazine (SMZ) upon micellization, is studied by employing various spectroscopic and scattering techniques like, ultraviolet–visible, fluorescence, small angle neutron scattering (SANS), and zeta potential (ZP) studies. The size(s) and charge(s) of the micelles were monitored by SANS and ZP. A positively charged/cationic surfactant, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and a negatively charged/anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) are used for micelle formation. Regardless of the surfactant type, the solubility of SMZ increases linearly with the increase in the surfactant concentration, as a result of association between the drug and micelles. However, the solubility of SMZ is found to be better with CTAB than SDS. Upon interaction with SMZ, we observed that the critical micelle concentration of CTAB occurred at a lower concentration than that of SDS surfactant. As fitted in the ellipsoidal core–shell model, SANS results also show the formation of charged micelles. This comparative study can help us to select an appropriate medium for SMZ solubilization to improve selective drug delivery in biomedical applications.

Ali, Hazrat; Khan, Azim; Ahmad, Tauqeer; Dervisi, Athanasia; Fallis, Ian; Shoetan, Ibrahim O.; Khan, Abbas; Hussain, Arshad; Griffiths, Peter

doi: 10.1002/jsde.12573pmid: N/A

Zwitterionic surfactants based on 3‐(1‐alkyl‐3‐imidazolio) propane‐sulfonate ([ImS3‐R] where R is octyl or dodecyl) is an emerging and important class of amphiphile due to their relevance as nano reactors for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and accelerated acid hydrolysis. The physicochemical properties of such synthesized imidazolium ring‐containing zwitterionic surfactants have been characterized by surface tension and small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques. Surface tension measurements were used to calculate several thermodynamic parameters over a range of concentrations and temperatures (298–313 K). The results obtained showed a weak signature representing the critical micelle concentration (CMC) for ImS3‐8, however, by increasing the alkyl length of the hydrophobic group to dodecyl, that is, ImS3‐8 to ImS3‐12, the signature of the CMC was much more evident. As expected, the CMC for ImS3‐12 shifted to a lower concentration. An increase in temperature increased the surface activity and decreased the CMC of both zwitterionic surfactants, although the changes were small. Compared to classical surfactants, that is, sodium dodecyl sulfate and dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide, the CMC of ImS3‐12 is much lower. Modeling of SANS data demonstrated that the morphology of the micelles formed by these amphiphiles may be described by the “classical” model, a central hydrophobic core, with a shell of hydrated headgroups. Due to their widespread applications in colloidal and interfacial science, the present study adds new insight to the fundamental understanding of these interesting imidazolium‐based surface‐active ionic liquids (ImS3‐R).

Oya‐Hasegawa, Miyako; Sato, Yuya; Oya, Masaru

doi: 10.1002/jsde.12565pmid: N/A

Probability density functional method was used to determine whether interaction between mechanical force and chemical action in cleaning was an additive effect, a synergistic effect, or an offsetting effect. As a soiled sample, iron (III) oxide soiled fabric, Sudan IV soiled fabric, commercially available artificial soiled fabric containing mixed stains, etc. were used and washed with a tergotometer. Mean value μrl and standard deviation σrl of the cleaning force distribution were calculated by using probability density functional method, and the interaction was judged using Δμrl which is the difference between μrl obtained under the two conditions. As results, additive effects between the mechanical force and the pH effect were confirmed in the cleaning of iron (III) oxide soiled fabric and commercially available artificially soiled fabric, and an additive effect between the mechanical force and the effect of the surfactant concentration was confirmed in the cleaning of Sudan IV soiled fabric. Therefore, it was presumed that an additive effect is often established between the mechanical action and the chemical action in cleaning, rather than a synergistic effect or an offsetting effect.

Khmaissa, Marwa; Hadrich, Bilel; Chamkha, Mohamed; Sayari, Adel; Fendri, Ahmed

doi: 10.1002/jsde.12563pmid: N/A

The aim of this work was to optimize the production of a new lipase by a halotolerant bacterial strain Halomonas sp. C2SS100, by means of the response‐surface methodology (RSM). The process parameters having the most significant effect on lipase production were identified using the Plackett–Burman screening design‐of‐experiments. Then, Box–Behnken design was applied to optimize lipase activity and the quadratic regression model of the lipase production was built. Indeed, the lipase yield was increased, and the value obtained experimentally (39 ± 2 U/ml) was very close to the rate predicted by the model (40.3 U/ml). Likewise, optimization of parameters by RSM resulted in 2.78‐fold increase in lipase activity. These findings provide the first report on lipase production and optimization by a halotolerant bacterial strain belonging to Halomonas genus. Afterward, the biochemical properties of the produced lipase were studied for apply in oil stains removal. The crude lipase showed a maximum activity at 60°C and at pH ranging from 7 to 10. It displayed an important stability at high temperature, pH, and NaCl. Interestingly, this bacterial lipase exhibited a prominent stability toward some commercial solid and liquid detergents after 30 min of incubation at 50°C. The capability of the crude lipase to eliminate stain was ascertained on polycotton fabric pieces stained with lubricating oil. Whether with the addition of hot water alone or of a commercially available detergent, lipase is able to considerably boost the elimination of oil stains. The actual findings highlight the capacity of Halomonas sp. lipase for energy‐efficient biocatalytic application.

Schad, Tamara; Preisig, Natalie; Drenckhan, Wiebke; Stubenrauch, Cosima

doi: 10.1002/jsde.12580pmid: N/A

Liquid foams of intermediate stability have been shown to be very efficient in the cleaning of sensitive surfaces because of the synergy between imbibition and foam decay. While we quantified these mechanisms for contaminations with liquid oils in our previous work, we show here their extension to oils containing soot particles in an effort to simulate increasingly realistic contaminations. Using foams with a wide range of liquid fractions and with different stabilities, we show that the main cleaning mechanisms remain very similar, with the oil entraining the soot particles. However, we find much less efficient soot removal when the liquid channels of the foams are small enough to hinder efficient transport of the soot particles.

Bi, Weiyu; Zhang, Panfeng; Du, Xiangrui; Lü, Wei; Wang, Shitou; Yang, Tangying; Ma, Liping; Liu, Xiaochun; Zhao, Haifeng; Ren, Shaoran

doi: 10.1002/jsde.12564pmid: N/A

Natural gas foam can be used for mobility control and channel blocking during natural gas injection for enhanced oil recovery, in which stable foams need to be used at high reservoir temperature, high pressure and high water salinity conditions in field applications. In this study, the performance of methane (CH4) foams stabilized by different types of surfactants was tested using a high pressure and high temperature foam meter for surfactant screening and selection, including anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate), non‐anionic surfactant (alkyl polyglycoside), zwitterionic surfactant (dodecyl dimethyl betaine) and cationic surfactant (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride), and the results show that CH4‐SDS foam has much better performance than that of the other three surfactants. The influences of gas types (CH4, N2, and CO2), surfactant concentration, temperature (up to 110°C), pressure (up to 12.0 MPa), and the presence of polymers as foam stabilizer on foam performance was also evaluated using SDS surfactant. The experimental results show that the stability of CH4 foam is better than that of CO2 foam, while N2 foam is the most stable, and CO2 foam has the largest foam volume, which can be attributed to the strong interactions between CO2 molecules with H2O. The foaming ability and foam stability increase with the increase of the SDS concentration up to 1.0 wt% (0.035 mol/L), but a further increase of the surfactant concentration has a negative effect. The high temperature can greatly reduce the stability of CH4‐SDS foam, while the foaming ability and foam stability can be significantly enhanced at high pressure. The addition of a small amount of polyacrylamide as a foam stabilizer can significantly increase the viscosity of the bulk solution and improve the foam stability, and the higher the molecular weight of the polymer, the higher viscosity of the foam liquid film, the better foam performance.

Earnden, Laura; Van Der Zalm, Joshua; Chen, Aicheng; Marangoni, Alejandro G.; Lier, Roy; Pensini, Erica

doi: 10.1002/jsde.12568pmid: N/A

Corrosion in carbon steel units of chemical, petrochemical and oil and gas plants poses safety and economic concerns. The goal of our study is to investigate the corrosion inhibition effectiveness of an environmentally benign surfactant, namely sodium lauroyl lactylate (SLL), in comparison to sodium cocoyl glutamate (SCG) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The corrosion of carbon steel in 1 M HCl was markedly inhibited by 0.05 and 0.1 M of the anionic surfactant SLL, as determined from weight loss over 96 h, at ambient conditions. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that SLL adsorbed at the carbon steel surface, forming a protective film that decreased corrosion. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that carbon steel surfaces immersed in 1 M HCl for 96 h had an etched appearance without SLL, whereas they retained their smoothness with 0.1 M SLL. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements confirmed that SLL passivated carbon steel surfaces, markedly increasing the polarization resistance Rp from ≈95 to ≈20,694 Ω cm2 over a 12 h period. In contrast, without SLL, Rp decreased from ≈92 to ≈12 Ω cm2. These results demonstrate for the first time that the environmentally friendly surfactant SLL is an efficient corrosion inhibitor in extreme environments such as 1 M HCl solutions. Dissimilar to SLL, SCG and SDS were not effective in inhibiting corrosion.