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doi: 10.1007/s12147-999-0008-6pmid: 12349113
This article examines how gender is implicated in the stages of defining a refugee, the refugee determination process, and the act of final settlement. After a general overview, specific details are presented for Canada. Canada admits refugees for the purpose of permanent settlement, and it has been the first on the international scene to develop gender-sensitive guidelines and to participate in the process of resettling women at risk of harm. However, data show that women are under-represented in the humanitarian-based flows to Canada. When they enter Canada, they are more likely than men to be married and to enter as spouses rather than as principal applicants.
doi: 10.1007/s12147-999-0009-5pmid: N/A
This case study of language shift among turn-of-the-century Dutch Protestant immigrants highlights how language operates to create and reinforce social systems of meaning. The author describes how gender variations in language acquisition relate to social and economic positions of the migrants and their age at arrival. At the individual, familial, and ethnic group level, language acquisition was genedered. Men and women had different reasons for learning or preserving their language, with women occupying the extremes of both innovation and retention. Using socioloinguists' interviews, immigrant letters, literary works, and a variety of other sources, the author argues that the relative absence of gender and class distinctions in English grammar reinforced a particular vision of America that also included freedom from these elements.
doi: 10.1007/s12147-999-0011-ypmid: N/A
This paper draws an analogy between the fate of women in the labor market and immigrants in the host country by examining the social processes that affect both categories. Immigrants, and women in traditionally male occupations, are usually regarded and treated as strangers, reflected in stereotyping, exclusion, segregation, and assimilation. By conceptualizing gender-based occupational segregation in terms of territory, borders, and migration we attempt to understand this phenomenon and its persistence in a new way and within a wider framework of social distinctions and inequality. These processes are specifically illustrated by two examples: women in a traditionally male occupational sphere, i.e., faculty women in academia, and immigrant scientists.
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