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doi: 10.1007/s00779-010-0319-3pmid: N/A
Space crews are in need for excellent cognitive support to perform nominal and off-nominal actions. This paper presents a coherent cognitive engineering methodology for the design of such support, which may be used to establish adequate usability, context-specific support that is integrated into astronaut’s task performance and/or electronic partners who enhance human–machine team’s resilience. It comprises (a) usability guidelines, measures and methods, (b) a general process guide that integrates task procedure design into user interface design and a software framework to implement such support and (c) theories, methods and tools to analyse, model and test future human–machine collaborations in space. In empirical studies, the knowledge base and tools for crew support are continuously being extended, refined and maintained.
doi: 10.1007/s00779-010-0318-4pmid: N/A
In 2005, the European Space Agency carried out a study intended to clarify the use of PDAs for onboard space operations. Being this a rather new application domain due to the introduction of uncommon technology onboard, a need for feasibility clarification was perceived. The study narrowed its unbounded technological dimension by focusing on Java technologies. Furthermore, at a software engineering level an “agile” approach was chosen for evaluation because of the high degree of user interaction and their ability to cope with general requirement changes like those resulting from the uncertainty about the actual features and quality of specific PDA platforms and COTS. Two studies were performed in parallel with the same objectives but obtaining different solutions. Suitable “agile-like” approaches compatible with space software standards were defined and tried. A space crew representative was involved from the early phases of the studies, and a final evaluation exercise at the European Astronaut Centre training facilities was performed. Feedback on the suitability of the technologies and the MMI design choices were obtained together with other unexpected lessons. The paper is concluded with an enumeration of lessons learnt and hypotheses about “agile” approaches of interest for the software engineering community.
doi: 10.1007/s00779-010-0320-xpmid: N/A
This paper is an introduction to the following five articles, that have been conceived together as one chapter on habitability consideration for outer space habitations. Those contributions are made from authors in different fields, cultures and countries working with the Extreme-Design.eu research group. Projects, theories and requirements are referred to the context of outer space habitats, where for the love of knowledge, human beings are living under extreme condition. The group purpose is to apply holistic approach (using both scientific and humanity discipines) towards space habitat design to support human cultural experience and improve technical reliability. Space Anthropology, Space Design, Space Art and Space Psychology are the established disciplines here considered to have a bearing on astronaut reliability. With multidisciplinary contributions, natural design philosophy- and human-centred design, these papers aim of collecting a range of solutions and innovative ideas on how to increase habitability in space.
Masali, Melchiorre; Ferrino, Marinella; Argenta, Monica; Stricker, Franca
doi: 10.1007/s00779-010-0324-6pmid: N/A
Humans are the product of biologic and cultural adaptation to our Planet achieved over million years of Primates and Hominids species evolution which has led us to a specific development of intelligence, speech, and manual capability. Interface usability mainly depends on human characteristics that are also modified by variations in the environment. In outer space, body shapes may be different, things may not be in the expected place and models of conventional social relationships may be hardly transferred to prolonged missions. The process known as exaptation, according to which traits developed by a species as a response to a specific need are later “recycled” with new functions in a different environment, will be considered. Biologic and cultural built-in mechanisms belonging to our past cannot be left out in the analysis of design and man–machine interface in the Outer Space.
Schlacht, Irene; Birke, Henrik
doi: 10.1007/s00779-010-0326-4pmid: N/A
Space stations, Moon bases and Mars bases are artificial habitats intended to support human life in extreme conditions. Their purpose is to pursue human progress and to gain knowledge and experience of the environment surrounding our planet. This research focuses on visual investigation in order to improve interface design in space habitat interiors. The subject of this article is why the visual interface (as created through color, light, and artistic and natural visual inputs) is to be considered as fundamental for user reliability in isolated space habitats. The aim is to improve the quality of living conditions in today’s International Space Station (ISS) and in future long-term missions to Mars but also in more immediate prospects such as Space tourism. Taking into account experiences from an internship in Thales Alenia Space, ESA Space Habitat Workshops and PhD studies on Space Habitability, the authors’ purpose is to enhance the development of concepts and projects on spacecraft visual interface with an ergonomic approach. The main topics in this paper are the following: (1) Visual needs in Space habitat interiors. (2) Sight modification in Space environment. (3) Design: Project Requirements for Outer Space. (4) Moon Base Design.
doi: 10.1007/s00779-010-0325-5pmid: N/A
The purpose of this article is to explore the possibilities of art and design in the context of space development. The focus is the effects of arts on feelings, how to enjoy arts as a creator (Ono expressed together with “Art for psychological support”, the paper presented at European Space Agency (ESA), Tools for psychological support during exploration missions to Mars and Moon, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 2007), supporting the idea of Joseph Beuys that “every human being is an artist” (Art into society, society into art. First published in English in Caroline Tisdall, ICA, London, p 48, 1973). Expression with arts is helpful to find our real selves. When humans create arts, their inner feelings will appear. Art therapy works in this way (Ono in Expressive arts therapy—drawing, clay, music, drama, and dance, Seishinshobo, Japan, 2005). Artistic expressions effect positively the human well-being. This work hypotheses that also in outer space artistic expression will be able to improve astronauts’ quality of life. The topics approached in this article are: (1) Space Art; (2) Psychology and Space Art; (3) Lunar Zen Garden Habitat; (4) Astronaut´s Art.
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