Archives of Internal Medicine

Roland, Charles G.

doi: 10.1001/archinte.1971.00310150010001pmid: N/A

Abstract I remember vividly the beginnings of molecular biology. For me it began when Schlesinger showed in 1934 that a bacterial virus contained thymonucleic acid—we call it D.N.A. now. Andrewes, Elford, and I were then having a happy time discovering the wide range of physical and biological properties that could be observed amongst the collection of bacteriophages I had brought to Hampstead. I forget whether it has ever been put on record that I obtained most of them on a visit to my brother's farm in Gippsland, Victoria. Cattle, pigs, and fowls all provided their samples of fresh feces, and there was a fine overall yield of phages. One of them, C13, was the first virus with a single strand D.N.A. to be observed, and it is still extant. Our favourite phage at the time was C16, now known to be almost identical with T2 and (as we found in 1933)

doi: 10.1001/archinte.1971.00310150023002pmid: N/A

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract Extended field irradiation The survival rate in patients with prostatic cancer appears to be much better following extended field irradiation, report investigators from the University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles.In the past, radiotherapy for prostate cancer generally has been limited to the prostatic field, although extended field irradiation has been used for other types of malignancies, said James P. Fitzgerald, MD.The 30 patients he discussed at the 56th scientific assembly of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc., received a total of 7,200 rads in 11 weeks to the primary tumor plus 4,800 rads in 6 weeks to potential sites of abdominopelvic lymph node metastasis. Three patients with massive para-aortic node involvement received an additional 4,000 rads to the mediastinal and supraclavicular nodes.The five-year survival rate—not necessarily disease-free—has been about 54% for patients undergoing local irradiation of only the prostatic field. In the series

Menzel, Daniel B.

doi: 10.1001/archinte.1971.00310150045003pmid: N/A

Abstract Air pollution has bro into sharper focus the pressing need for more basic information on the structure, function, biochemistry, and pathology of the lung. This organ is unique being predominantly composed of membrane-poor cells having little structural building capability yet exposed to a rigorous and demanding environment. Modern life places greater stress upon the lung than in previous times compelling us to seek out the essential functions and processes of the lung. The physiology of gaseous exchange is not sufficient for the present. To accelerate and consolidate our basic and applied knowledge of the lung in light of modern pollutants, a symposium was held at Richland, Wash. The results of that symposium appear in part in this and subsequent issues of The Archives. Three areas of basic research are reported here: the lung surfactant, connective tissue and structure, and the alveolar macrophage. From this knowledge and discussion, attention was turned

Clements, John A.

doi: 10.1001/archinte.1971.00310150047004pmid: N/A

Abstract Studies of surfactant content and lipid composition of the lungs of 11 vertebrate species have given some insight into architectural and mechanical problems in pulmonary function. They have not helped in understanding how the lung defends itself against the hostile environment and especially against oxygen. As a part of studies of the functions of the pulmonary alveolar lining we have determined the surfactant content and lipid composition of the lungs in 11 vertebrate species and examined correlations with respiratory surface area. We have reported analyses of phospholipid components before,1 and our values agree in general with those of other workers who have made systematic comparisons.2,3 In this communication we present the results of neutral lipid assays and of some studies of acyl chain length and unsaturation in both neutral lipids and phospholipids. We removed the lungs from the adult frog, turtle, chicken, rat, sea lion, dog, mouse, rabbit, References 1. Clements JA, Nellenbogen J, Trahan HJ: Pulmonary surfactant and evolution of the lungs. Science 169:603-604, 1970.Crossref 2. Harlan WR Jr, Margraf JH, Said SI: Pulmonary lipid composition of species with and without surfactant. Amer J Physiol 211:855-861,1966. 3. Baxter CF, Rouser G, Simon G: Variations among vertebrates of lung phospholipid class composition. Lipids 4:243-244,1969.Crossref 4. Tierney DF, Clements JA, Trahan HJ: Rates of replacement of lecithins and alveolar instability in rat lungs. Amer J Physiol 213:671-676,1967. 5. Faulkner JM, Binger CAL: Oxygen poisoning in cold blooded animals. J Exp Med 45:865-872, 1927.Crossref 6. Bean JW: Effects of oxygen at increased pressure. Physiol Rev 25:1-147,1945.

Pruitt, Kenneth M.;Cherng, Maw Jian;Spitzer, Hugh L.

doi: 10.1001/archinte.1971.00310150050005pmid: N/A

Abstract Surfactant has been prepared by ultracentrifugation and density gradient centrifugation from pig lung lavage. The product is a lipoprotein, free of contamination by serum proteins, and containing 4 mg of phospholipid per milligram of protein. The lipid portion is 60% dipalmitoyl-lecithin plus small amounts of other phospholipids. The surfactant exhibits ultraviolet fluorescence. Excitation at 260±10 mμ gives a single emission maximum at 320±10 mμ. Anilinonaphthalene sulfonate binds to surfactant and gives an enhanced fluorescence peak at 465±10 mμ when excited at 375 ± 10 mμ. Mammalian lungs are lined by a surface active material which may help to prevent alveolar collapse at small lung volumes. Reduced quantities of this material are associated with the lung collapse observed in hyaline membrane disease.1 Although the surface active properties of alveolar wash can be duplicated by dipalmitoyl-lecithin alone,2 it does not necessarily follow that pure dipalmitoyl-lecithin lines the alveolar surface. Indeed, References 1. Avery ME, Mead J: Surface properties in relation to atelectasis and hyaline membrane disease. Amer J Dis Child 97:517-523, 1959. 2. Watkins JC: The surface properties of pure phospholipids in relation to those of lung extracts. Biochim Biophys Acta 152:293-306, 1968.Crossref 3. Lambson RO, Cohn JE: The ultrastructure of the lung of the goose and its lining of surface material. Amer J Anat 122:631-649, 1968.Crossref 4. Spitzer HL, Norman JR: The biosynthesis and turnover of surfactant lecithin and protein. Arch Intern Med 127:429-435, 1971.Crossref 5. Cherng MJ, Spitzer HL: The characterization of pulmonary surfactant lipoprotein. Amer Rev Resp Dis , to be published. 6. Rombauer ES, Becker MR: The Joy of Cooking . Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill Co Inc, 1964, p 681. 7. Davis BJ: Disc electrophoresis: II. Method and application to human serum proteins. Ann NY Acad Sci 121:404-427, 1964.Crossref 8. Weber G, Young B: Fragmentation of bovine serum albumin by pepsin. J Biol Chem 239:1415-1431, 1964. 9. Garbar P: Immunoelectrophoretic analysis. Meth Biochem Anal 7:1-37, 1959. 10. Ouchterlony 0: Antigen-antibody reactions in gels. Acta Path Microbiol Scand 32:231-240, 1953.Crossref 11. Balint JA, Beeler DA, Treble DA, et al: Studies in the biosynthesis of hepatic and biliary lecithins. J Lipid Res 8:486-493, 1967. 12. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, et al: Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193:265-275,1967. 13. Small DM, Penkett SA, Chapman D: Studies on simple and mixed bile salt micelles by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biochim Biophys Acta 176:178-189, 1969.Crossref 14. Leslie RB, Chapman D, Scanu AM: Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of serum low density lipoproteins (LDI2). Chem Phys Lipids 3:152-158, 1969.Crossref 15. Konev SV: Electronic excited states of protein , in Undenfriend S (trans-ed): Fluorescence and Phosphorescence of Proteins and Nucleic Acids . New York, Plenum Press Inc, 1967, pp 61-104. 16. Chen RF: Extrinsic and intrinsic fluorescence in the study of protein structure: A review , in Guibault GG (ed): Fluorescence Theory, Instrumentation, and Practice . New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc, 1967, p 461. 17. Bolande RP, Klaus MH: The morphologic demonstration of an alveolar lining layer and its relationship to pulmonary surfactant. Amer J Path 45:449-463, 1964. 18. Teale FW: The ultraviolet fluorescence of proteins in neutral solutions. Biochem J 76:381-388, 1960. 19. Cowgill RW: Fluorescence and protein structure. X: Reappraisal of solvent and structural effects. Biochem Biophys Acta 133:6-18, 1967. 20. Shore B, Shore V: Isolation and characterization of polypeptides of human serum lipoproteins. Biochemistry 8:4510-4516, 1969.Crossref 21. Smekal E, Ping Ting H, Augenstein LG, et al: Bimolecular (black) lipid membranes: Study of lipid-protein interactions. Science 168:1108-1109, 1970.Crossref 22. Feinstein MB, Spero L, Felsenfield H: Interaction of a fluorescent probe with erythrocyte membrane and lipids: Effects of local anesthetics and calcium. Fed Europ Biochem Soc Let 6:245-248, 1970.Crossref 23. Stryer L: The interaction of a naphthalene dye with apomyoglobin and apohemoglobin: A fluorescent probe of nonpolar binding sites. J Molec Biol 13:482-495, 1965.Crossref

Ramirez-R, Jose;Schwartz, Barry;Dowell, Anthony R.;Lee, Si Duk

doi: 10.1001/archinte.1971.00310150055006pmid: N/A

Abstract We have studied the lipid composition and protein content of 99 pulmonary washings from patients with asthma, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary adenomatosis, desquamative interstitial pneumonia, and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Phospholipid represented 31.1% to 47.0% of recovered lipid in patients with asthma and bronchitis. Patients with alveolar proteinosis had the highest lipid (mean value 129.4 mg/100 ml effluent) of which 56% was phospholipid. One patient with pulmonary adenomatosis had 42.4% phospholipid and one with desquamative interstitial pneumonia had 26%. Palmitic acid comprised 78% of the total fatty acids of phosphatidylcholine obtained from patients with alveolar proteinosis but only 62% in others. Repeated lung washings in alveolar proteinosis patients showed progressive decrease in lipid and protein concentration. Lipid and protein composition of human lung washings tends to reflect the nature of the underlying disease. References 1. Bolande RP, Klaus MH: The morphologic demonstration of an alveolar lining layer and its relationship to pulmonary surfactant. Amer J Path 45:449-463, 1964. 2. Pattle RE: Properties, function, and origin of the alveolar lining layer. Proc Roy Soc London (Biol) 148:217-240, 1958.Crossref 3. Klaus M, Clements JA, Havel RJ: Composition of surface-active material isolated from beef lung. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 47:1858-1859, 1961.Crossref 4. Pierce JA, Hocott JB, Hefley BF: Elastic properties and the geometry of the lungs. J Clin Invest 40:1515-1524, 1961.Crossref 5. Adams FH, Fjuiwara T, Emmanouilides G, et al: Surface properties and lipids from lungs of infants with hyaline membrane disease. J Pediat 66:357-364, 1965.Crossref 6. Pattle RE, Claireaux AE, Davies PA, et al: Inability to form a lung-lining film as a cause of the respiratory-distress syndrome in the newborn. Lancet 2:469-473, 1962.Crossref 7. Sutnick AI, Soloff LA: Atelectasis with pneumonia: A pathophysiologic study. Ann Intern Med 60:39-46, 1964.Crossref 8. Ramirez R, Harlan WR: Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: Nature and origin of alveolar lipid. Amer J Med 45:502-512, 1968.Crossref 9. Gardner RE, Finley TN, Tooley WH: The effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on surface activity of lung extracts. Bull Soc Int Chir 21:542-551, 1962. 10. Abrams ME: Isolation and quantitative estimation of pulmonary surface-active lipoprotein. J Appl Physiol 21:718-720, 1966. 11. Klein RM, Margolis S: Purification of pulmonary surfactant by ultracentrifugation. J Appl Physiol 25:654-658, 1966. 12. King RJ, Clements JA: Isolation and characterization of surface active material from dog lung, abstracted. Fed Proc 29:2, 2333, 1970. 13. Scarpelli EM, Clutario BC, Taylor FA: Preliminary identification of the lung surfactant system. J Appl Physiol 23:880-886, 1967. 14. Steim JM, Redding RA, Hauck CT, et al: Isolation and characterization of lung surfactant. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 34:434-440, 1969.Crossref 15. Ramirez RJ, Kieffer RF, Ball WC: Bronchopulmonary lavage in man. Ann Intern Med 63:819-828, 1965.Crossref 16. Ramirez RJ: Bronchopulmonary lavage, new techniques and observations. Dis Chest 50:581-588, 1966.Crossref 17. Ramirez RJ: Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: Treatment in a case complicated by tuberculosis. Amer Rev Resp Dis 95:491-495, 1967. 18. Ramirez RJ: Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: Treatment by massive bronchopulmonary lavage. Arch Intern Med 119:147-156, 1967.Crossref 19. Ramirez RJ, Obenour W: Bronchopulmonary lavage in asthma and chronic bronchitis. Chest , to be published. 20. Kylstra JA, Baez-Garcia J, Hall KD, et al: Bronchopulmonary lavage in patients with bronchial asthma. J Clin Invest 46:1081, 1967. 21. Chronic obstructive lung disease: A statement of the Committee on Therapy, American Thoracic Society. Amer Rev Resp Dis 92:513-518, 1965. 22. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, et al: Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193:265-275, 1951. 23. Floch J, Lees M, Sloane Stanley GH: A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J Biol Chem 226:497-509, 1957. 24. Parker F, Peterson NF: Quantitative analysis of phospholipids and phospholipid fatty acids from silica gel thin-layer chromatograms. J Lipid Res 6:455-460, 1965. 25. Metcalfe LD, Schmitz AA, Pelka JR: Rapid preparation of fatty acid esters from lipids for gas chromatographic analysis. Anal Chem 38:514-515, 1966.Crossref 26. Trout DL, Estes EH, Friedberg SJ: Titration of free fatty acids of plasma: A study of current methods and a new modification. J Lipid Res 1:199-202, 1960. 27. Moore JH: A modified method for the determination of glyceride glycerol. J Dairy Res 29:141-147, 1962.Crossref 28. MacIntyre E, Ralston M: Direct determination of serum cholesterol. Biochem J 56:XLIII, 1954. 29. Kuhn C, Gyorkey F, Levine BE, et al: Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: A study using enzyme histochemistry, electron microscopy, and surface tension measurement. Lab Invest 15:492-509, 1966. 30. Dowell AR, Kilburn KH, Pratt PC: Short-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide: Effects on pulmonary ultrastructure, compliance, and the surfactant system. Arch Intern Med , to be published.

Morgan, Thomas E.

doi: 10.1001/archinte.1971.00310150061007pmid: N/A

Abstract Two major pathways for the biosynthesis of the major surface-active lipid of lung, dipalmitoyl lecithin, have been described and the relative activities of each pathway in mammalian lung compared. In normal adult lung the cytidine disphosphocholine (CDP-choline) pathway is quantitatively most important for total lecithin synthesis. Synthesis of saturated lecithin is depressed by interruption of pulmonary blood flow and atelectasis and by hypoxia. Synthesis of lecithin by N-methyltransferase is relatively less important in normal adult lung and is depressed by high concentrations of oxygen. Methyltransferase activity is less depressed by pulmonary artery ligation and is increased by hypoxia and in the late stages of fetal life. Purified N-methyltransferase isolated from lung selectively forms saturated lecithin, is rapidly inactivated on exposure to oxygen, is protected by sulfhydryl agents and is associated with lamellated particles containing significant amounts of lipid. References 1. Klaus MH, Clements JA, Havel RJ: Composition of surface-active material isolated from beef lung. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 47:1858-1859, 1961.Crossref 2. Tierney DF, Clements JA, Trahan HJ: Rates of replacement of lecithins and alveolar instability in rat lungs. Amer J Physiol 213:671-676, 1967. 3. Bremer J, Greenberg DM: Methyl transfering enzyme system of microsomes in the biosynthesis of lecithin (phosphatidyl choline). Biochim Biophys Acta 46:205-216, 1961.Crossref 4. Morgan TE, Finley TN, Fialkow H: Comparison of the composition and surface activity of "alveolar" and whole lung lipids in the dog. Biochim Biophys Acta 106:403-413, 1965.Crossref 5. Bjørnstad P, Bremer J: In vivo studies on pathways for the biosynthesis of lecithin in the rat. J Lipid Res 7:38-45, 1966. 6. Spitzer HL, Morrison K, Norman JR: The incorporation of L-[Me-14C] methionine and [Me-3H] choline into lung phosphatides , Biochim Biophys Acta 152:552-558, 1968.Crossref 7. Morgan TE: Isolation and characterization of lipid Nmethyltransferase from dog lung , Biochim Biophys Acta 178:21-34, 1969.Crossref 8. Morgan TE; Finley TN, Huber GL, et al: Alterations in pulmonary surface active lipids during exposure to increased oxygen tension. J Clin Invest 44:1737-1744,1965.Crossref 9. Brumley GW, Chernick V, Hodson WA, et al: Correlations of mechanical stability, morphology, pulmonary surfactant, and phospholipid content in the developing lamb lung. J Clin Invest 46:863-873, 1967.Crossref 10. Kikkawa Y, Motoyama EK, Cook CD: The ultrastructure of the lungs of lambs: The relation of osmiophilic inclusions and alveolar lining layer to fetal maturation and experimentally produced respiratory distress. Amer J Path 47:877-903, 1965. 11. Gluck L, Sribney M, Kulovich MV: The biochemical development of surface activity in mammalian lung: II. The biosynthesis of phospholipids in the lung of the developing rabbit fetus and newborn. Pediat Res 1:247-265, 1967.Crossref 12. Gluck L, Kulovich MV, Motoyama EK, et al: A biochemical basis for the respiratory distress syndrome, abstracted. Pediat Res 1:290, 1967. 13. Huber GL, Edmunds LH Jr: Pulmonary artery occlusion: II. Morphologic studies. J Appl Physiol 22:1002-1011, 1967. 14. Morgan TE, Edmunds LH Jr: Pulmonary artery occlusion: III. Biochemical alterations. J Appl Physiol 22:1012-1016, 1967. 15. Lands WEM, Merkl I: Metabolism of glycerolipids: III. Reactivity of various acyl esters of coenzyme A with α'-acylglycerophosphorylcholine and positional specificities in lecithin synthesis. J Biol Chem 238:898-904, 1963. 16. Erbland JR, Marinetti GV: In vitro metabolism of lysolecithin. Fed Proc 21:294, 1962. 17. Elsbach P: Uptake of fat by phagocytic cells: An examination of the role of phagocytosis: II. Rabbit alveolar macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta 98:420-431,1965.Crossref

Tombropoulos, Elias G.

doi: 10.1001/archinte.1971.00310150068008pmid: N/A

Abstract The lung mitochondria-rich fraction has been reported to be the most active subcellular fraction in synthesizing long-chain acids from acetate. Experiments on esterification of long-chain fatty acids indicated that this is a function mainly of the microsomal fraction and that mitochondrial activity was 50% of the microsomal. Both subcellular fractions incorporated 14C from palmitic acid mainly into lecithin and triglycerides. Experiments on the incorporation of 14C from nitrogenous bases or methyl donors indicated that choline is incorporated into lecithin mainly by a pathway which is stimulated by the presence of Ca++ in the incubation medium and phosphorylcholine by the cytidine diphosphate-choline pathway. Both pathways are common to microsomal and mitochondrial fractions but the microsomal fraction appears to be more active. Both lung particulate fractions therefore are able to synthesize lecithin from its subcomponents and by transmethylation reactions. References 1. Klaus M, Reiss OK, Tooley WH, et al: Alveolar epithelial cell mitochondria as source of the surface-active lung lining . Science 137:750-751, 1962.Crossref 2. Bensch K, Schaefer K, Avery ME: Granular pneumocytes: Electron microscopic evidence of their exocrinic function . Science 145:1318-1319, 1964.Crossref 3. Buckingham S, McNary WF Jr, Sommers SC: Pulmonary alveolar cell inclusions: Their development in the rat . Science 145:1192-1193, 1964.Crossref 4. Tombropoulos EG, Thomas JM: Effect of 800 R thoracic x-irradiation of lung biochemistry . Radiat Res 44:76-86, 1970.Crossref 5. Bligh EG, Dyer WJ: A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification . Canad J Biochem Physiol 37:911-917, 1959.Crossref 6. Rouser G, Fleischer S, in Estrabrook RW, Pullman ME (eds): Methods in Enzymology . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1967, vol 10, pp 385-406. 7. Metcalfe LD, Schmitz AA, Pelka JR: Rapid preparation of fatty acid esters from lipids for gas chromatographic analysis . Anal Chem 38:514-515, 1966.Crossref 8. Smith ME, Hübscher G: The biosynthesis of glycerides by mitochrondria from rat liver: The requirement for a soluble protein . Biochem J 101:308-316, 1966. 9. Weinhold PA: Biosynthesis of phosphatidyl choline during prenatal development of the rat lung . J Lipid Res 9:262-266, 1968. 10. Spitzer HL, Norman JR, Morrison K: In vivo studies of [Me-3H] choline and [1,214C2] choline incorporation into lung and liver lecithins . Biochim Biophys Acta 176:584-590, 1969.Crossref 11. Groth DP, Bain JA, Pfeiffer CC: The comparative distribution of C14-labeled 2-dimethylaminoethanol and choline in the mouse . J Pharmacol Exp Ther 124:290-295, 1958. 12. Dils RR, Hübscher G: Metabolism of Phospholipids: III. The effect of calcium ions on the incorporation of labelled choline into rat-liver microsomes . Biochim Biophys Acta 46:505-513, 1961.Crossref 13. Treble DH, Frumkin S, Balint JA, et al: The entry of choline into lecithin in vivo by base exchange . Biochim Biophys Acta 202:163-171, 1970.Crossref 14. Gibson KD, Wilson JD, Udenfriend S: The enzymatic conversion of phospholipid ethanolamine to phospholipid choline in rat liver . J Biol Chem 236:673-679, 1961. 15. Morgan TE: Isolation and characterization of lipid N-methyltransferase from dog lung . Biochim Biophys Acta 178:21-34, 1969.Crossref 16. Dils RR, Hübscher G: The incorporation in vitro of [Me-14C] choline into the phospholipids of rat-liver mitochondria . Biochim Biophys Acta 32:293-294, 1959.Crossref 17. Kennedy EP, Weiss SB: The function of cytidine coenzymes in the biosynthesis of phospholipides . J Biol Chem 222:193-214, 1956. 18. Pennington RJ, Worsfold M: Biosynthesis of lecithin by skeletal muscle . Biochim Biophys Acta 176:774-782, 1969.Crossref 19. Bjørnstad P, Bremer J: In vivo studies on pathways for the biosynthesis of lecithin in the rat . J Lipid Res 7:38-45, 1966. 20. Van Golde LMG, Scherphof GL, Van Deenen LLM: Biosynthetic pathways in the formation of individual molecular species of rat liver phospholipids . Biochim Biophys Acta 176:635-637, 1969.Crossref

Brumley, George W.

doi: 10.1001/archinte.1971.00310150073009pmid: N/A

Abstract Normal pulmonary function is dependent upon maturation and maintenance of the biochemical synthesis of a unique specie of disaturated lecithin. The latter effectively combats surface tension and permits the alveolus to remain open at low transpulmonary pressures. The synthesis of this surfactant (antiatelectasis factor) appears reduced by intrauterine asphyxia. This may be etiologically important in respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn. References 1. Reid L: The embryology of the lung , in de Reuck AVS, Porter R (eds): Development of the Lung , Ciba Foundation Symposium. Boston, Little Brown & Co, 1967, pp 109-130. 2. Brumley GW, Chernick V, Hodson A, et al: Correlations of mechanical stability, morphology, pulmonary surfactant and phospholipid content in the developing lamb lung . J Clin Invest 46:863-873, 1967.Crossref 3. Klaus M, Clements JA, Havel RJ: Composition of surface active material isolated from beef lung . Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 47:1858-1859, 1961.Crossref 4. Watkins JC: The surface properties of pure phospholipids in relation to those of lung extract . Biochim Biophys Acta 152:293-296, 1968.Crossref 5. Lands WE: Metabolism of glycerolipids: II. Enzymatic acylation of lysolecithin . J Biol Chem 235:2233-2237, 1960. 6. Veerkamp JH, Mulder J, van Deenen LL: Comparison of the fatty acid composition of lipids from different animal tissues including some tumors . Biochim Biophys Acta 57:299-309, 1962.Crossref 7. Avery ME, Mead J: Surface properties in relation to atelectasis and hyaline membrane disease . Amer J Dis Child 97:517-523, 1959.

Dermer, Gerald B.

doi: 10.1001/archinte.1971.00310150075010pmid: N/A

Abstract Tricomplex flocculation has been used to visualize pulmonary surfactant phospholipid in the light microscope in a similar manner to its original application as a staining method for spots of phospholipid on chromatographic paper. Fixation of lung and staining of surfactant are performed in one operation by combining glutaraldehyde with the tricomplex reagents. The staining solution is composed of appropriate amounts of acid fuchsin, uranyl nitrate, and 0.1N hydrochloride in water. After glutaraldehyde-tricomplex treatment, sections of human and rat lungs examined with phase optics show a blue layer of material lining epithelial surfaces of alveoli and similar material within type II alveolar cells. It is believed that this material represents the alveolar surface layer of surfactant phospholipid and the sites of synthesis and storage of this material within alveolar type II cells. References 1. Dermer GB: The fixation of pulmonary surfactant for electron microscopy: I. The alveolar surface lining layer . J Ultrastruct Res 27:88-104, 1969.Crossref 2. Dermer GB: Transport of surfactant across the airblood barrier . J Cell Biol 43:30a, 1969. 3. Dermer GB: The fixation of pulmonary surfactant for electron microscopy: II. Transport of surfactant through the air-blood barrier . J Ultrastruct Res 31:229-246, 1970.Crossref 4. Dermer GB: The pulmonary surfactant content of the inclusion bodies found within type II alveolar cells . J Ultrastruct Res 33:306-317, 1970.Crossref 5. Elbers PF, Ververgaert PH, Demel R: Tricomplex fixation of phospholipids , J Cell Biol 24:23-30, 1965.Crossref 6. Bungenberg de Jong HG, Van Someren GR: Acid fuchsin and uranyl nitrate in staining chromatograms of phosphatides . Proc Kon Nederl Akad Wet 62:150-160, 1959. 7. Brown ES: Isolation and assay of dipalmitoyl lecithin in lung extracts . Amer J Physiol 207:402, 1964. 8. Fujiwara T, Adams FH, El-Salawy A, et al: Alveolar and whole lung phospholipids of newborn lambs . Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 127:962-969, 1968.Crossref 9. Stoeckenius W: Some electron microscopical observations on liquid-crystalline phases in lipid-water systems . J Cell Biol 12:221-229, 1962.Crossref 10. Lucy JA, Glauert AM: Structure and assembly of macromolecular lipid complexes composed of globular micelles . J Molec Biol 8:727-748, 1964.Crossref