Archives of General Psychiatry

Tecce, Joseph J.

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750070003001pmid: 4923214

Abstract Contingent negative variation (CNV) is a slow surface-negative cortical potential in the human brain that is related to individual differences in psychological functions. Major sources of interindividual variability in CNV development among normal adults, children, and psychiatric patients involve attention and arousal functions. Consequently, a two-process theoretical model is postulated to account for individual differences in CNV, namely, that CNV amplitude is positively and monotonically related to attention functions and nonmonotonically (inverted-U) related to arousal functions. CNV also appears to be reflecting motor processes. Although CNV is a potentially useful tool in psychiatric research, eye movements can drastically alter CNV and are a serious methodological problem requiring further study. The neurophysiological genesis of CNV involves both cortical (apical dendrites in upper layers of frontal cortex) and subcortical (brain stem reticular formation) mechanisms. 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Coleman, Jules V.

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750070019002pmid: 5538849

Abstract The extraordinary persistence of psychiatric symptoms is an intrinsic aspect of the individual's psychic functioning. Symptoms are subjected to the adaptive mechanisms by which the ego maintains the integrative balance of the personality system; they serve the purpose of patterned tension reduction in conflict states. In themselves, symptoms are neither normal nor abnormal; they are significant only in relation to the individual's socialecological system. Influences exerted by social institutions and groups are inherently supportive and tend to stabilize human behavior; there is a reciprocal relationship between the way society is organized and the ways in which people find needed gratification. A basic principle of ego functioning is that equilibrium must be restored at whatever level is feasible. Distress occurs when the person's inherent attitude of unquestioned confidence in social belonging and in the virtue and protectiveness of the group is undermined. References 1. Ernst K: Die Prognose der Neurosen . Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1959. 2. Errera P, Coleman JV: A longterm follow-up study of neurotic phobic patients in a psychiatric clinic . J Nerv Ment Dis 136:267-271, 1963.Crossref 3. Srole L, et al: Mental Health in the Metropolis , the Midtown Manhattan Study. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc, 1962, vol 1. 4. Leighton DC, et al: The Character of Danger: The Stirling County Study of Psychiatric Disorder and Sociocultural Environment . New York, Basic Books Inc Publishers, 1963. 5. Coleman JV: Social factors influencing the development and containment of psychiatric symptoms , in Scheff TJ (ed): Mental Illness and Social Processes . New York, Harper & Row Publishers Inc, 1967. 6. Coleman JV: The group factor in military psychiatry . Amer J Orthopsychiat 15:222-226, 1946.Crossref

Marmor, Judd

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750070024003pmid: 5538850

Abstract Behavior therapists deserve much credit for having opened wide the armamentarium of therapeutic strategies. By so doing they have forced dynamic psychotherapists into a reassessment of their therapeutic techniques and their effectiveness—a reassessment that in the long run can only be in the best interests of all psychiatrists and their patients. The psychotherapeutic challenge of the future is to so improve our theoretical and diagnostic approaches to psychopathology as to be able to apply knowledgeably and flexibly to each patient the particular treatment technique and the particular kind of therapist that together will most effectively achieve the desired therapeutic goal. References 1. Wolberg LR: Hypnotherapy , in McCary JL (ed): Six Approaches to Psychotherapy . New York, Dryden Press, 1955, pp 63-126. 2. Alexander F, French TM, et al: Psychoanalytic Therapy . New York, Ronald Press Co, 1946. 3. Eysenck HJ (ed): Behavior Therapy and the Neuroses . New York, Pergamon Press, 1960. 4. Wolpe J: Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition . Stanford, Calif, Stanford University Press, 1958. 5. Ullman LP, Krasner L (eds): Case Studies in Behavior Modification . New York, Holt Rinehart & Winston Inc, 1965. 6. Feldman MP, MacCulloch MI: The application of anticipatory avoidance learning to the treatment of homosexuality . Behav Res Ther 2:165-183, 1965.Crossref 7. Masters WH, Johnson VE: Human Sexual Response . Boston, Little Brown & Co, 1965. 8. Marmor J: Psychoanalytic therapy as an educational process , in Masserman J, Salzman L (eds): Modern Concepts of Psychoanalysis . New York, Philosophical Library Inc, 1962, pp 189-205. 9. Marmor J: Psychoanalytic therapy and theories of learning , in Masserman J (ed): Science and Psychoanalysis . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1964, vol 7, pp 265-279. 10. Marmor J: The nature of the psychotherapeutic process , in Usdin G, (ed): Psychoneurosis and Schizophrenia . New York, JB Lippincott Co, 1966, pp 66-75. 11. Frank JD: Persuasion and Healing . Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1961. 12. Marks IM, Gelder MG: A controlled retrospective study of behavior therapy in phobic patients . Brit J Psychiat 111:561-573, 1965.Crossref 13. Marks IM, Gelder MG: Common ground between behavior therapy and psychodynamic methods . Brit J Med Psychol 39:11-23, 1966.Crossref 14. Brady JP: Psychotherapy by a combined behavioral and dynamic approach . Compr Psychiat 9:536-543, 1968.Crossref 15. Breger L, McGaugh JL: Critique and reformulation of learning theory approaches to psychotherapy and neurosis . Psychol Bull 63:338-358, 1965.Crossref 16. Klein MH, Dittman AT, Parloff MB, et al: Behavior therapy: Observations and reflections . J Consult Clin Psychol 33:259-266, 1969.Crossref

Lamb, H. Richard;Goertzel, Victor

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750070031004pmid: 4992425

Abstract This study measures the effect of a high-expectation and a low-expectation environment on discharged long-term mental patients randomly assigned to one of two community settings. The high-expectation setting includes a halfway house, a daytreatment center, and a rehabilitation workshop. It demands much in the way of mobility, planning, and accepting responsibility. Low-expectation patients go to boarding homes where docility is valued and little initiative is expected. The boardinghome group is not really in the community. It is like a small ward moved to a community setting. The high-expectation group has a higher rehospitalization rate, but a longer time out of the hospital with a higher level of instrumental performance. The high-expectation group is less segregated, is less likely to be labeled as deviate, and is less stigmatized. References 1. Lamb HR: Chronic psychiatric patients in the day hospital . Arch Gen Psychiat 17:615-621, 1967.Crossref 2. Richmond C: Transitional housing , in Lamb HR, et al (eds): Handbook of Community Mental Health Practice . San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, 1969, pp 145-174. 3. Silberstein SO: A Survey of the Mental Health Functions of the Systems of Residential Home Care for the Mentally Ill and Retarded in the Sacramento Area . Mimeographed, 1969. 4. Scheff TJ: Being Mentally Ill: A Sociological Theory . Chicago, Aldine Publishing Co, 1966. 5. Wilensky HL: Varieties of work experience , in Borow H (ed): Man in a World of Work . Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co, 1964, pp 125-149. 6. Fairweather GW, Sanders DH, Maynard H, et al: Community Life for the Mentally Ill: An Alternative to Institutional Care . Chicago, Aldine Publishing Co, 1969. 7. Goffman E: Asylums—Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates . Garden City, NY, Doubleday & Co Inc, 1961. 8. Goode W: The protection of the inept . Amer Sociol Rev 32:5-19, 1967.Crossref 9. Lampert JP: Action for community involvement . Ment Hosp 12:13-16, 1961. 10. Patterson CH: A suggested blueprint for psychiatric rehabilitation . Commun Ment Health J 1:61-68, 1965.Crossref

McGlothlin, William H.;Arnold, David O.

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750070037005pmid: 5538851

Abstract A follow-up survey of 247 persons who received d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in either an experimental (nonmedical) or Psychotherapeutic setting was made to determine the lasting effects, if any, related to use of the drug. Information was collected from each by a structured interview and self-administered questionnaire. Some subsequent nonmedical use of LSD was reported by 23%, who attributed more personality changes to the drug's use. There is, however, little evidence that measurable, lasting personality, belief, value, attitude, or behavior changes were produced in the sample as a whole. Compulsive patterns of LSD use rarely developed; the nature of the drug effect apparently is such that it becomes less attractive with continued use and, in the long-term, is almost always self-limiting. References 1. Johnson FG: LSD in the treatment of alcoholism . Amer J Psychiat 126:481-487, 1969. 2. Ludwig A, Levine J, Stark L, et al: A clinical study of LSD treatment in alcoholism . Amer J Psychiat 126:59-69, 1969. 3. McGlothlin W, Cohen S, McGlothlin MS: Long lasting effects of LSD on normals . Arch Gen Psychiat 17:521-532, 1967.Crossref 4. McGlothlin WH, Arnold DO, Freedman DX: Organicity measures following repeated LSD ingestion . Arch Gen Psychiat 21:704-709, 1969.Crossref 5. McGlothlin WH, Sparkes RS, Arnold DO: Effect of LSD on human pregnancy . JAMA 112:1483-1487, 1970.Crossref 6. Aas A: Hypnotizability as a function of nonhypnotic experiences . J Abnorm Psychol 66:142-150, 1963.Crossref 7. Myers IB: The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator . Princeton, NJ, Educational Testing Service, 1962. 8. Zuckerman M, Kolin EA, Price L, et al: Development of a sensation-seeking scale . J Consult Psychol 28:477-482, 1964.Crossref 9. Srole L: Social integration and certain corollaries: An exploratory study . Amer Soc Rev 21:709-716, 1956.Crossref 10. Keniston K: The Uncommitted . New York: Harcourt Brace & World Inc, 1965. 11. Ludwig A: Altered states of consciousness . Arch Gen Psychiat 15:225-234, 1966.Crossref 12. Freedman DX: On the use and abuse of LSD . Arch Gen Psychiat 18:330-347, 1968.Crossref 13. Savage C, Terrill J, Jackson DD: LSD transcendence and the new beginning . J Nerv Ment Dis 135:425-439, 1962.Crossref 14. Ditman KS, Hayman M, Whittlesey J: Nature and frequency of claims following LSD . J Nerv Ment Dis 134:346-352, 1962.Crossref 15. Subjective After-Effects of Psychedelic Experiences , Psychedelic Rev 1:18-26, 1963. 16. Blum RH: Students and Drugs . San Francisco, Jossey Bass Inc, 1969. 17. Woodward JL, Roper E: In Eulau H. Eldersveld SJ (eds): Political Behavior . Glencoe, Ill, The Free Press of Glencoe, 1956. 18. Chapin SF: Experimental Designs in Sociological Research . New York, Harper & Row Publishers Inc, 1955. 19. Cohen S: Lysergic acid diethylamide: Side effects and complications . J Nerv Ment Dis 130:30-40, 1960.Crossref 20. Smart RG, Bateman K: Unfavorable reactions to LSD: A review and analvsis of available case reports . Canad Med Assoc J 97:1214-1221, 1967. 21. Horowitz MJ: Flashbacks: Recurrent intrusive images after the use of LSD . Amer J Psychiat 126:147-151, 1969. 22. La Barre W: The Peyote Cult . New Haven, Conn, Yale University Press, 1938. 23. Spindler L: Women and Culture Change: A Case Study of the Menomini Women, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Stanford University, California, 1956. 24. White House Conference on Narcotic and Drug Abuse, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1963. 25. Scher J: Patterns and profiles of addiction and drug abuse . Arch Gen Psychiat 15:539-551, 1966.Crossref 26. Goode E: Multiple drug use among marijuana smokers . Soc Prob 17:48-64, 1969.Crossref

Snyder, Solomon H.;Weingartner, Herbert;Faillace, Louis A.

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750070052006pmid: 4923215

Abstract DOET (2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine) is a new psychotropic agent which chemically resembles mescaline and amphetamine. It is essentially the ethyl homologue of DOM (2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine), a psychotomimetic drug widely used by hippie populations and designated "STP." DOET was administered to normal male subjects in doses ranging from 0.75 to 4 mg and contrasted with effects of a water placebo. In all cases DOET produced subjective effects including a mild euphoria, a feeling of enhanced self-awareness, and a tendency to feel "anxious" at higher doses. Although there was some increase in subjective effects at higher doses, this was not marked. No hallucinogenic or psychotomimetic effects were observed at any dose. Thus, over a five-fold range of pharmacologically active dosage, the "enhanced awareness" produced by DOET was not associated with psychotomimetic or hallucinogenic actions. PSYCHEDELIC drugs embrace a large number of agents of widely different chemical classes but which produce notably similar profound subjective effects.1 Nuances of subjective effects which may vary among drugs2 have not been well quantified. Shulgin3.4 has synthesized a large number of methoxylated amphetamines related to mescaline and amphetamine. One of these, DOM (2, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine) (Fig 1), informally designated "STP," was psychotomimetic and hallucinogenic in doses larger than 5 mg, and was about 50 to 100 References 1. Hollister LE: Chemical Psychoses . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1968. 2. Shulgin AT: Some qualitative properties of the psychotomimetics . Neurosciences Res Bull 8:72-78, 1970. 3. Shulgin AT: Psychotomimetic amphetamines: Methoxy 3,4-dialkoxyamphetamines . Experientia 20:366-370, 1964.Crossref 4. Shulgin AT, Sargent T, Naranjo C: Structure-activity relationships of one-ring psychotomimetics . Nature 221:537-541, 1969.Crossref 5. Snyder SH, Faillace LA, Hollister L: 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (STP): A new hallucinogenic drug . Science 158:669-670, 1967.Crossref 6. Faillace LA, Snyder SH, Weingartner H: DOM (2,5-dimethoxy-4methyl-amphetamine): Clinical evaluation of a new hallucinogenic drug . J Nerv Ment Dis 150:119-126, 1970.Crossref 7. Snyder SH, Faillace LA, Weingartner H: DOM (STP), a new hallucinogenic drug, and DOET: Effects in normal subjects . Amer J Psychiat 125:357-364, 1968. 8. Snyder SH, Faillace LA, Weingartner H: A new psychotropic agent: Psychological and physiological effects of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethyl amphetamine (DOET) in man . Arch Gen Psychiat 21:95-101, 1969.Crossref 9. Katz MM, Waskow IE, Olsson J: Characterizing the psychological state produced by LSD . J Abnorm Psychol 73:1-14, 1968.Crossref 10. Parloff MB, Kelman HC, Frank JD: Comfort, effectiveness, and selfawareness as criteria of improvement in psychotherapy . Amer J Psychiat 111:343-351, 1954. 11. Uhlenhuth EH, Rickels K, Fischer S, et al: Drug, doctor's verbal attitude and clinical setting in symptomatic response to pharmacotherapy . Psychopharmacologia 9:392-418, 1966.Crossref 12. Weingartner H, Snyder SH, Faillace LA, et al: Altered free associations: Some cognitive effects of DOET (2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine) . Behav Sci 15:297-303, 1970.Crossref

Smith, David E.;Wesson, Donald R.

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750070058007pmid: 5538852

Abstract A technique for withdrawal of patients physically dependent upon barbiturates and other sedativehypnotics is described. The technique involves substituting phenobarbital, a long-acting barbiturate, for the addicting agent and subsequent withdrawal of the phenobarbital. The longer action of phenobarbital provides a more constant barbiturate blood level than the shorter-acting barbiturates which are the classical withdrawal agents. The more constant blood level allows the safe utilization of smaller daily doses of barbiturates during withdrawal. WHEN barbiturates were first introduced into medical practice, their ability to produce physical dependence was not immediately recognized. Later, a definite withdrawal syndrome was described. It usually included a progression of symptoms such as muscular weakness, systolic postural hypotension, nausea, insomnia, major motor seizures, hyperpyrexia, and, in some cases, death. Also occurring in some cases —usually on the third to seventh day of withdrawal—was a psychotic reaction which could mimic either delirium tremors or a schizophrenic reaction. A similar abstinence syndrome has been described for many of the newer sedative-hypnotics such as meprobamate and glutethimide (Doriden). In the San Francisco area we are seeing an increasing number of individuals who are physically dependent upon the short-acting and intermediate-acting barbiturates, such as secobarbital (Seconal), pentobarbital (Nembutal), and a mixture References 1. Smith DE, Wesson DR, Lannon R: New developments in barbiturate abuse , in Drug Abuse Papers 1969 . Berkeley, Calif, University of California, 1969. 2. Levy NJ: Use of drugs by teenagers for sanctuary and illusion . Amer J Psychoanal 28:48-55, 1968.Crossref 3. Isbell H: Treatment of addiction to narcotic drugs . Med Clin N Amer 34:425-438, 1950. 4. Wikler A: Diagnosis and treatment of drug dependence of the barbiturate type . Amer J Psychiat 125:758-765, 1968. 5. Essig CF, Carter WW: Failure of diphenylhydantoin to prevent barbiturate withdrawal convulsions in dogs . Neurology 12:481-484, 1962.Crossref

O'Brien, Charles P.;DiGiacomo, Joseph N.;Fahn, Stanley.;Schwarz, Gabriel A.

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750070063008pmid: 5538853

Abstract Of 200 patients receiving levodopa (L-DOPA) therapy the first 20 Patients received 4 to 6.5 gm of LDOPA per day. Seven of 12 Parkinsonian patients who were also depressed showed a remission of depression during L-DOPA treatment, however this change generally correlated with the degree of motor improvement. In two patients the mood elevation was clearly out of proportion to the motor improvement, and one of these developed a "hypomanic-like" state. A third Patient developed agitated behavior after one year of L-DOPA therapy. Six of nine males reported spontaneous penile erections and one resumed successful intercourse after three years of impotency. Of four patients with organic dementia, three showed no detectable improvement but one raised his Wechsler Memory Quotient from 59 to 86. References 1. Cotzias GC, Papavasiliou PS, Gellene R: Modification of Parkinsonism-chronic treatment with L-DOPA . New Eng J Med 280:337-345, 1969.Crossref 2. Schildkraut JJ: The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: A review of supporting evidence . Amer J Psychiat 122:509-522, 1965. 3. Hornykiewicz O: Dopamine and brain function . Pharm Rev 18:925-964, 1966. 4. Degkwitz R, Frowein R, Kulenkampff C, et al: The influence of reserpine, chlorpromazine, iproniazid and vitamin Bo on the effects of L-DOPA in man . Klin Wschr 38:120-123, 1960.Crossref 5. Turner WJ, Merlis S: A clinical trial of pargyline and DOPA in psychotic subjects . Dis Nerv Syst 25:538-541, 1964. 6. Klerman GL, Schildkraut JJ, Hasenbush LL, et al: Clinical experience with DOPA in depression . J Psychiat Res 1:289-297, 1963.Crossref 7. Cotzias GC, Van Woert MH, Schiffer LM: Aromatic amino acids and modification of parkinsonism . New Eng J Med 276:374-379, 1967.Crossref 8. Beck AT: Depression . New York, Harper & Row Publishers Inc, 1967. 9. Clyde DJ: Clyde Mood Scale . Washington DC, George Washington University, 1961. 10. Hamilton M: A rating scale for depression . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 23:56-61, 1960.Crossref 11. Calne DB, Stern GM, Laurence DR, et al: L-DOPA in postencephalitic Parkinsonism . Lancet 2:744-746, 1969.Crossref 12. Bunney WE, Janowsky DS, Goodwin FK, et al: Effect of L-DOPA on depression . Lancet 2:885-896, 1969.Crossref 13. MacLean PD: Some neuroanatomic and neurophysiologic correlates of sexual functions , in Nalbandov AV (ed): Advances in Neuroendocrinology . Urbana, Ill, University of Illinois, 1963, pp 21-27.

Wyatt, Richard J.;Portnoy, Barry;Kupfer, David J.;Snyder, Frederick;Engelman, Karl

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750070067009pmid: 5538854

Abstract The total resting plasma catecholamine concentration from 13 drugfree, depressed patients was found to be significantly elevated over concentrations from 47 normal controls. Differential determinations of epinephrine and norepinephrine revealed that both catecholamine components were elevated in the Patients. The literature on norepinephrine concentrations in brain, spinal fluid, and urinary excretion was reviewed and indicated that rather than being decreased, norepinephrine has been found to be either unchanged or increased in depressed patients. References 1. Bunney WE Jr, Davis JM: Norepinephrine in depressive reaction . Arch Gen Psychiat 13:483-494, 1965.Crossref 2. Schildkraut JJ: The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: A review of supporting evidence . Amer J Psychiat 122:509-522, 1965. 3. Engelman K, Portnoy B, Lovenberg W: A sensitive and specific double-isotope derivative method for the determination of catecholamines in biological specimens . Amer J Med Sci 255:259-268, 1968.Crossref 4. Wyatt RJ, Kupfer DJ: A 14symptom behavior and mood rating scale for longitudinal patient evaluation by nurses . Psychol Rep 23:1331-1334, 1968.Crossref 5. Mendels J, Hawkins DR: Sleep and depression: A controlled EEG study . Arch Gen Psychiat 16:344-354, 1967.Crossref 6. Snyder F: Electrographic studies of sleep in depression , in Kline NS, Laska E (eds): Computers and Electronic Devices in Psychiatry . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1968, pp 272-303. 7. Dement WC, Kleitman N: Cyclic variations in EEG during sleep and their relation to eye movements, body motility and dreaming . Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 9:673-690, 1957.Crossref 8. Engelman K, Portnoy B: A sensative double isotope derivative assay for norepinephrine and epinephrine: Normal resting human plasma levels . Circ Res 26:53-57, 1970.Crossref 9. Seigel S: Non-Parametric Statistics for the Behavioral Science . New York, McGraw-Hill Inc, 1956. 10. Manger WM, Schwarz BE, Baars CW, et al: Epinephrine and arterenol (norepinephrine) in mental disease . Arch Neurol Psychiat 78:396-412, 1957.Crossref 11. Reilly J, Regan PF: Plasma catechol amines in psychiatric patients . Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 95:377-388, 1957.Crossref 12. Malmo RB, Shagass C, Davis JF: Electromyographic studies of muscular tension in psychiatric patients under stress . J Clin Exper Psychopath 12:45-66, 1951. 13. Watmore GB, Ellis RM: Further neurophysiologic aspects of depressed states . Arch Gen Psychiat 6:243-254, 1962.Crossref 14. Sachar EJ: Corticosteroids in depressive illness. II. A longitudinal psychoendocrine study . Arch Gen Psychiat 17:554-567, 1967.Crossref 15. Davis J, Morrill R, Fawcett J, et al: Apprehension and elevated serum cortisol levels . J Psychosom Res 6:83-86, 1962.Crossref 16. Coppen AJ, Mezey AG: Metabolic effect of venipuncture in man . J Psychosom Res 5:56-59, 1960.Crossref 17. Cannon WB: Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage . New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1915. 18. Elmadjian E, Hope JM, Lamson ET: Excretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine in various emotional states . J Clin Endocr 17:608-620, 1957.Crossref 19. Mason JW, Mangan G Jr, Brady JV, et al: Concurrent plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine and 17-hydroxycorticosteroid emotional disturbances in monkeys . Psychosom Med 23:344-353, 1961.Crossref 20. Graham LA, Cohen SI, Shmavonian BM: Some methodological approaches to the psychophysiological correlates of behavior , in Levi L (ed): Emotional Stress . New York, Elsevier Publishing Co, 1967, pp 178-191. 21. Coppen A: The biochemistry of affective disorders . Brit J Psychiat 113:1237-1264, 1967.Crossref 22. Mandell AJ, Spooner CE: Psychochemical research studies in man . Science 162:1442-1453, 1968.Crossref 23. Dewhurst WB: New theory of central amine function and its clinical application . Nature 218:1130-1133, 1968.Crossref 24. Curtis GC, Cleghorn RA, Sourkes TL: The relationship between affect and the excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline, and 17-hydroxycorti-costeroids . J Psychosom Res 4:176-184, 1960.Crossref 25. Bunney WE Jr, Davis JM, Weil-Malherbe H, et al: Biochemical changes in psychotic depression . Arch Gen Psychiat 16:448-460, 1967.Crossref 26. Perez-Reyes M: Differences in the capacity of the sympathetic and endocrine systems of depressed patients to react to a physiological stress. Read before the Workshop on Recent Advances in the Psychobiology of the Depressive Illnesses, Williamsburg, Va, 1969. 27. Weil-Malherbe H, Alexrod J, Tomchick R: Blood-brain barrier for adrenaline . Science 129:1226-1227, 1959.Crossref 28. Glowinski J, Kopin IJ, Alexrod J: Metabolism of H3-norepinephrine in the rat brain . J Neurochem 12:25-30, 1965.Crossref 29. Deneker SJ, Hägendal J, Malmo U: Noradrenaline content of cerebrospinal fluid in mental diseases . Lancet 2:754, 1966.Crossref 30. Bourne HR, Israels MCG: Noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in hindbrains of suicidal patients . Lancet 2:805-808, 1968.Crossref 31. Pare CMB, et al: 5-Hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline, and dopamine in brainstem, hypothalamus, and caudate nucleus of controls and of patients committing suicide by coalgas poisoning . Lancet 2:133-135, 1969.Crossref 32. Shaw DM, Camps FE, Eccleston EG: 5-Hydroxytryptamine in the hind-brain of depressive suicides . Brit J Psychiat 113:1407-1411, 1967.Crossref 33. Bunney WE Jr, Davis JM, Carpenter WT Jr, et al: Brain serotonin and depressive illness. Read before the Workshop on Recent Advances in the Psychobiology of the Depressive Illnesses, Williamsburg, Va, 1969. 34. Engelman K, Horwitz D, Jéquier E, et al: Biochemical and pharmacologic effects of alpha methylpara-tyrosine in man . J Clin Invest 47:577-594, 1968.Crossref 35. Rosenblatt S, Chanley JD, Leighton W: The investigation of adrenergic metabolism with 7H3-norepinephrine in psychiatric disorders-II . J Psychiat Res 6:321-333, 1968.Crossref 36. Prange AJ, Wilson IC, Rabon AM, et al: Enhancement of imipramine antidepressant activity by thyroid hormone . Amer J Psychiat 126:39-51, 1969. 37. Schachter S: Anxiety and behaviour , in Spielberger CD (ed): The Interaction of Cognitive and Psysiological Determinants of Emotional State . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1966, pp 193-225.

Jones, Ben;Parsons, Oscar A.

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750070073010pmid: 4395238

Abstract Performance on an abstracting task by matched groups of hospitalized alcoholics (N = 40), brain damaged (N = 40), and control patients (N = 40) was compared. Alcoholics manifested a deficit on the Halstead Category test similar to that of the brain-damaged subjects. The performance deficit of the alcoholics was related positively to the number of years of drinking, independent of age. The pattern of performance differences in the present investigation along with the results from other investigations suggest that chronic alcoholics may have mild brain damage to the perfrontal area or related subcortical structures or both. References 1. Reilly DH, Sugerman AA Conceptual complexity and psychological differentiation in alcoholics . J Nerv Ment Dis 144:14-17, 1967.Crossref 2. White WF: Personality and cognitive learning among alcoholics with different intervals of sobriety . Psychol Rep 16:1125-1140, 1965.Crossref 3. Fitzhugh LC, Fitzhugh KB, Reitan RM: Adaptive abilities and intellectual functioning in hospitalized alcoholics . Quart J Stud Alcohol 21:414-423, 1960. 4. Fitzhugh LC, Fitzhugh KB, Reitan RM: Adaptive abilities and intellectual functioning of hospitalized alcoholics: Further considerations . Quart J Stud Alcohol 26:402-411, 1965. 5. Halstead WC: Brain and Intelligence: A Quantitative Study of the Frontal Lobes . Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1947. 6. Courville CB: Effects of Alcohol on the Nervous System of Man . Los Angeles, San Lucas Press, 1955. 7. Milner B: Effects of different brain lesions on card sorting . Arch Neurol 9:90-100, 1963.Crossref 8. Vega A: Use of Purdue pegboard and finger tapping performance as a rapid screening test for brain damage . J Clin Psychol 25:255-258, 1969.Crossref 9. Doehring DG, Reitan RM: Concept attainment of human adults with lateralized cerebral lesions . Percept Motor Skills 14:27-33, 1962.Crossref 10. Sines LK, Simmons H: The Shipley-Hartford scale and the Doppelt Short Form as estimators of WAIS IQ in a state hospital population . J Clin Psychol 15:452-453, 1959.Crossref 11. Watson CG, Klett WG: Prediction of WAIS IQs from the Shipley-Hartford, the Army General Classification Test and the Revised Beta Examination . J Clin Psychol 24:338-341, 1968.Crossref 12. Jones B: Abstracting ability of chronic alcoholics. Read before the meeting of the Oklahoma State Psychological Association, Oklahoma City, 1968. 13. Willanger R, Thygesen P, Nielsen R, et al: Intellectual impairment and cerebral atrophy: A psychological, neurological and radiological investigation . Danish Med Bull 15:65-93, 1968. 14. Matthews CG, Booker HE: The relationship of ventricle size and asymmetry measurements to neuropsychological test results in adult subjects. Read before the International Neuropsychology Society meeting, Washington DC, 1967. 15. Haug JO: Pneumoencephalographic evidence of brain damage in chronic alcoholics . Acta Psychiat Scand 203:135-143, 1968.Crossref 16. Talland G: Deranged Memory: A psychonomic Study of the Amnesic Syndrome . New York, Academic Press, 1965.