Archives of General Psychiatry

Baldessarini, Ross J.

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760270019001pmid: 241308

Abstract • A leading hypothesis concerning a biological basis of the affectove disorders is that altered metabolism of brain amines may underlie the cause or pathophysiology of these conditions. Features of affective illnesses supporting biological hypotheses include the somatic symptoms, diurnal rhythm, and apparent "endogenicity" of many severe depressions, and evidence of a genetic basis of manic-depressive illness. Development and preclinical study of medical therapies for the disorders substantially supported a relationship between mood-disturbances and neurotransmitters and stimulated considerable advances in the physiology and pharmacology of central synaptic neurotransmission. Unfortunately, studies of amine metabolism in patients have not provided consistent support for the amine hypotheses. Moreover, these hypotheses have not led to a coherent biological theory of abnormal behavior, to an objective basis for differential diagnosis, or to the rational development of treatments more effective or safer than those known. References 1. Jacobsen E: The theoretical basis of the chemotherapy of depression , in Davies EC (ed): Depression: Proceedings of the Symposium at Cambridge, September 1959 . New York, Cambridge University Press, 1964, p 208. 2. Everett GM, Toman JEP: Mode of action of Rauwolfia alkaloids and motor activity , in Masserman JH (ed): Biological Psychiatry . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1959, pp 75-81. 3. Weil-Malherbe H: The biochemistry of the functional psychoses . Adv Enzymol 29:479-553, 1967. 4. Glassman A: Indoleamines and affective disorders . Psychosom Med 31:107-114, 1969.Crossref 5. Davis JM: Theories of biological etiology of affective disorders , in Pfeiffer CC, Smythies JR (eds): International Review of Neurobiology . New York, Academic Press, 1970, vol 12, pp 145-175. 6. Himwich HE: Indoleamines and the depressions , in Himwich HE (ed): Biochemistry, Schizophrenia and Affective Illnesses . Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1970, pp 230-282. 7. Schildkraut JJ: Neuropsychopharmacology and the Affective Disorders . Boston, Little Brown & Co, 1970, pp 111. 8. Baldessarini RJ: Biogenic amine hypotheses in affective disorders , in Draghi SC, Flach FF (eds): The Nature and Treatment of Depression . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1975, pp 347-385. 9. Pare CMB, Sandler M: A clinical and biochemical study of a trial of iproniazid in the treatment of depression . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 22:247-251, 1959.Crossref 10. Ström-Olsen R, Weil-Malherbe H: Humoral changes in manic-depressive psychosis with particular reference to the excretion of catecholamines in urine . J Ment Sci 104:696-704, 1958. 11. Weil-Malherbe H: The concentration of adrenaline in human plasma and its relation to mental activity . J Ment Sci 101:733-755, 1955. 12. Baldessarini RJ: Biogenic amines and behavior . Ann Rev Med 23:343-354, 1972.Crossref 13. Baldessarini RJ, Karobath M: Biochemical physiology of central synapses . Ann Rev Physiol 35:273-304, 1973.Crossref 14. Schildkraut JJ: Neuropsychopharmacology of the affective disorders . Ann Rev Pharmacol 13:427-454, 1973.Crossref 15. Janowsky DS, El-Yousef MK, Davis JM, et al: Parasympathetic suppression of manic symptoms by physostigmine . Arch Gen Psychiatry 28:542-547, 1973.Crossref 16. Goodwin FK, Ebert MH, Bunney WE Jr: Mental effects of reserpine in man: A review , in Shader R (ed): Psychiatric Complications of Medical Drugs . New York, Raven Press, 1972, pp 73-101. 17. Mendels J, Stinnett JL, Burns D, et al: Amine precursors and depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry 32:22-30, 1975.Crossref 18. Prange AJ Jr, Wilson IC, Lynn CW, et al: L-Tryptophan in mania . Arch Gen Psychiatry 30:56-62, 1974.Crossref 19. Goodwin FK, Murphy DL, Brodie HKH, et al: L-Dopa, catecholamines and behavior: A clinical and biochemical study in depressed patients . Biol Psychiatry 2:341-366, 1970. 20. Ebert M, Baldessarini RJ, Lipinski JF, et al: Effects of electroconvulsive seizures on amine metabolism in the rat brain . Arch Gen Psychiatry 29:397-401, 1973.Crossref 21. Bowers MB Jr: Cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) following probenecid in unipolar depressives treated with amitriptyline . Psychopharmacologia 23:26-33, 1972.Crossref 22. Bunney WE Jr, Murphy DL, Goodwin FK, et al: The "switch process" in manic-depressive illness . Arch Gen Psychiatry 27:295-302, 1972.Crossref 23. Dunner DL, Cohn CK, Gershon ES, et al: Differential catechol-Omethyl-transferase activity in unipolar and bipolar affective illness . Arch Gen Psychiatry 25:348-353, 1971.Crossref 24. Maas JW, Fawcett JA, Dekirmenjian H: Catecholamine metabolism, depressive illness, and drug response . Arch Gen Psychiatry 26:252-263, 1972.Crossref 25. Murphy DL, Weiss R: Reduced monoamine oxidase activity in blood platelets from bipolar depressed patients . Am J Psychiatry 128:1351-1357, 1972. 26. Post RM, Goodwin FK: Estimation of brain amine metabolism in affective illness: Cerebrospinal fluid studies utilizing probenecid . Psychother Psychosom 23:142-158, 1974.Crossref 27. Rosenblatt S, Chanley JD, Leighton WP: Temporal changes in the distribution of urinary tritiated metabolites in affective disorders . J Psychiatr Res 6:321-333, 1969.Crossref 28. Shopsin B, Wilk S, Sathananthan G, et al: Catecholamines and affective disorders revised: A critical assessment . J Nerv Ment Dis 158:369-383, 1974.Crossref 29. Van Praag HM, Korf J, Schut D: Cerebral monoamines and depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry 28:827-831, 1973.Crossref 30. Riederer P, Birkmayer W, Neumayer E, et al: The daily rhythm of HVA, VMA, (VA) and 5HIAA in depression syndrome . J Neural Trans 35:23-45, 1974.Crossref 31. Jones FD, Maas JW, Dekirmenjian H, et al: MHPG excretion by patients with affective disorders . Int Pharmacopsychiatry 9:14-26, 1974. 32. Bareggi SR, Marc V, Morselli PL: Urinary excretion of 3-methoxy-4hydroxyphenylglycol sulfate in rats after intraventricular injection of 6OHDA . Brain Res 75:177-180, 1974.Crossref 33. Maas JW, Dekirmenjian H, Garver D, et al: Excretion of catecholamine metabolites following intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine in the Macaca speciosa . Eur J Pharmacol 23:121-130, 1973.Crossref 34. Beckman H, Goodwin FK: Antidepressant response to tricyclics and urinary MHPG in unipolar patients: Clinical response to imipramine or amitriptyline . Arch Gen Psychiatry 32:17-21, 1975.Crossref

Dorus, Elizabeth;Pandey, Ghanshyam N.;Davis, John M.

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760270029002pmid: 1237277

Abstract • In previous research, evidence was provided of genetic control of in vitro red blood cell (RBC) uptake of lithium ion following a 24-hour incubation using a monozygotic (MZ)-dizygotic (DZ) twin study method. To extend these data, in vitro RBC lithium ion concentrations were assessed for five MZ and five DZ twin pairs. To extend this line of research on genetic control of lithium ion distribution to in vivo conditions, these twin pairs were administered lithium carbonate for seven days during which time RBC and plasma lithium ion concentrations were assessed. In this limited sample, the data provide evidence of genetic control of distribution of lithium ion across the RBC membrane in vivo as well as of in vitro RBC uptake of lithium ion. References 1. Davis JM, Fann WE: Lithium . Annu Rev Pharmacol 11:285-302, 1971.Crossref 2. Slater E, Cowie V: The Genetics of Mental Disorders . London, Oxford University Press, 1971. 3. Mendels J, Secunda SK (eds): Lithium . New York, Gordon & Breach, 1972. 4. Gershon S, Shopsin B (eds): Lithium: Its Role in Psychiatric Research and Treatment . New York, Plenum Press, 1973. 5. Mendels J, Frazer A: Intracellular lithium concentration and clinical response: Toward a membrane theory of depression . J Psychiatr Res 10:9-18, 1973.Crossref 6. Rybakowski J, Chlopocka M, Lisowska J, et al: Badania nad skutecznoscia lecznicza weglanu litu w endogennych zespolach depresyjnych . Psychiatr Pol 2:129-134, 1974. 7. Cazzullo CL, Smeraldi E, Sacchetti E, et al: Intracellular lithium concentration and clinical response . Br J Psychiatry 126:298-300, 1975.Crossref 8. Carroll B: Lithium distribution and clinical response. Read before the 128th annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Anaheim, Calif, 1975. 9. Shopsin B, Johnson G, Gershon S: Neurotoxicity with lithium: Differential drug responsiveness . Int Pharmacopsychiatry 5:170-182, 1971. 10. Elizur A, Shopsin B, Gershon S, et al: Intra:extracellular lithium ratios and clinical course in affective states . Clin Pharmacol Ther 13:947-952, 1972. 11. Zakowska-Dabrowska T, Rybakowski J: Lithium-induced EEG changes: Relation to lithium level in serum and red blood cells . Acta Psychiatr Scand 49:457-465, 1973.Crossref 12. Lyttkens L, Söderberg U, Wetterberg L: Increased lithium erythrocyte-plasma ratio in manic-depressive psychosis . Lancet 1:40, 1973.Crossref 13. Dorus E, Pandey GN, Frazer A, et al: Genetic determinant of lithium ion distribution: I. An in vitro monozygotic-dizygotic twin study . Arch Gen Psychiatry 31:463-465, 1974.Crossref 14. IBM Health Questionnaire. New York, International Business Machines Corporation, 1968. 15. Frazer A, Secunda SK, Mendels J: A method for the determination of sodium, potassium, magnesium and lithium concentrations in erythrocytes . Clin Chim Acta 36:499-509, 1972.Crossref 16. Vesell ES: Introduction: Genetic and environmental factors affecting drug response in man . Fed Proc 31:1253-1275, 1972. 17. Vesell ES: Advances in pharmacogenetics , in Steinberg AG, Bearn AG (eds): Progress in Medical Genetics . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1973, pp 291-367. 18. Osborne RH, DeGeorge FV: Genetic Basis of Morphological Variation: An Evaluation and Application of the Twin Study Method . Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press, 1959. 19. Smith SE, Rawlins MD: Variability in Human Drug Response . Trowbridge, England, Butterworth & Co, 1973. 20. Cavalli-Sforza LL, Bodmer WF: The Genetics of Human Populations . San Francisco, WH Freeman & Co, 1971.

Baron, Miron;Gershon, Elliot S.;Rudy, Victor;Jonas, Wulff Z.;Buchsbaum, Monte

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760270039003pmid: 1101845

Abstract • The antidepressant efficacy of lithium carbonate was assessed in a double-blind trial in 23 hospitalized depressed patients. Unequivocal response was significantly more frequent in bipolar than in unipolar depressed patients. Lithium carbonate responders had a greater visual average-evoked response amplitude increase in response to increased stimulus intensity, termed "augmenting." No correlation could be demonstrated between lithium carbonate efficacy and either erythrocyte catechol-O-methyl tramsferase activity, age of symptom onset, number of hospitalizations, or family history of affective disorders. References 1. Mendels J: Lithium in the treatment of depressive states , in Johnson N (ed): Lithium Research and Therapy . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1974. 2. Goodwin FK, Murphy DL, Bunney WE Jr. Lithium-carbonate treatment in depression and mania . Arch Gen Psychiatry 21:486-496, 1969.Crossref 3. Goodwin FK, Murphy DL, Dunner DL, et al: Lithium response in unipolar versus bipolar depression . Am J Psychiatry 129:44-47, 1972. 4. Noyes R, Dempsey CM, Blum A, et al: Lithium treatment of depression . Compr Psychiatry 15:187-193, 1974.Crossref 5. Mendels J, Frazer A: Alterations in cell membrane activity in depression . Am J Psychiatry 131:1240-1246, 1974. 6. Leonard D, Karff I, Schulz R: Die Tempramente in den Familien der monopolaren und bipolaren phasischen Psychosen . Psychiatr Neurologia 143:416-434, 1962.Crossref 7. Perris C (ed): A study of bipolar and unipolar recurrent depressive psychoses . Acta Psychiatr Scand 42( (suppl 194) ):1-188, 1966.Crossref 8. Hopkinson G, Ley P: A genetic study of affective disorder . Br J Psychiatry 11:917-922, 1969.Crossref 9. Winokur G, Clayton PJ: Family history studies: I. Two types of affective disorder separated according to genetic and clinical factors , in Wortis J (ed): Recent Advances in Biological Psychiatry . New York, Plenum Press, 1967, pp 35-50. 10. Gershon ES, Dunner DL, Goodwin FK: Toward a biology of affective disorders . Arch Gen Psychiatry 25:1-15, 1971.Crossref 11. Goodwin FK, Murphy DL, Bunney WE Jr. Behavioral biochemical studies of lithium treatment. Read before the 121st annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Boston, 1968. 12. Buchsbaum M, Goodwin FK, Murphy DL, et al: Average evoked responses in affective disorders . Am J Psychiatry 128:51-57, 1971. 13. Buchsbaum M, Landau S, Murphy DL, et al: Average evoked response in bipolar and unipolar affective disorders: Relationship to sex, age of onset and monoamine oxidase . Biol Psychiatry 7:199-212, 1973. 14. Goodwin FK, Bunney WE Jr: A psychological approach to affective illness . Psychiatr Ann 3:19-53, 1973. 15. Dunner DL, Goodwin FK, Gershon ES, et al: Excretion of 17-OHCS in unipolar and bipolar depressed patients . Arch Gen Psychiatry 26:360-363, 1972.Crossref 16. Dunner DL, Cohn CK, Gershon ES, et al: Differential catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in unipolar and bipolar affective illness . Arch Gen Psychiatry 25:348-353, 1971.Crossref 17. Murphy DL, Weiss R: Reduced monoamine oxidase activity in blood platelets from bipolar depressed patients . Am J Psychiatry 128:1351-1357, 1972. 18. Goodwin FK, Post RM, Dunner DL, et al: Cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites in affective illness: The probenecid technique . Am J Psychiatry 139:73-79, 1973. 19. Bunney WE Jr, Brodie HKH, Murphy DL, et al: Psychopharmacological differentiation between two subgroups of depressed patients. Read before the 78th annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Miami, Fla, 1970. 20. Goodwin FK, Murphy DL, Brodie HKH, et al: L-DOPA, catecholamines and behavior: A clinical and biochemical study in depressed patients . Biol Psychiatry 2:341-366, 1970. 21. Gershon ES, Bunney WE Jr, Goodwin FK, et al: Catecholamines and affective illness: Studies with L-dopa and AMPT , in Ho BT, McIssac WM (eds): Brain Chemistry and Mental Disease . New York, Plenum Press, 1971, pp 135-162. 22. Rappaport M, Hopkins HK, Griffin R, et al: Evoked response and behavior in cats . Science 170:998-1000, 1970.Crossref 23. Zuckerman M, Murtaugh T, Siegel J: Sensation seeking and cortical augmenting-reducing . Psychophysiology 11:535-542, 1974.Crossref 24. Buchsbaum M: Neural events and psychophysical law . Science 172:502, 1971.Crossref 25. Soskis DA, Shagass C: Evoked potential tests of augmenting-reducing . Psychophysiology 11:175-190, 1974.Crossref 26. Stark LH, Norton JC: The relative reliability of average evoked response parameters . Psychophysiology 11:600-602, 1974.Crossref 27. Bittker TE, Buchsbaum MS, Williams RB, et al: Cardiovascular and neurophysiologic correlates of sensory intake and rejection . Psychophysiology , to be published. 28. Buchsbaum M, Henkin RI, Christiansen RL: Age and sex differences in averaged evoked responses in a normal population with observations on patients with gonadal dysgenesis . Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 37:137-144, 1974.Crossref 29. Hall RA, Rappaport M, Hopkins HK, et al: Tobacco and evoked potentials . Science 180:212-214, 1973.Crossref 30. Spilker B, Callaway E: Effect of drugs on augmenting/reducing in averaged visual evoked responses in man . Psychopharmacologia 15:116-124, 1969.Crossref 31. Buchsbaum M: Average evoked response and stimulus intensity in identical and fraternal twins . Physiol Psychol 2:365-370, 1974.Crossref 32. Cohn CK, Dunner DL, Axelrod J: Reduced catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in red blood cells of women with primary affective disorder . Science 170:1323-1324, 1970.Crossref 33. Weinshilboum RM, Raymond FA, Elveback LR, et al: Red blood cell (RBC) catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity: Sibling-sibling correlation . Pharmacologist 16:236, 1974. 34. Schildkraut J: The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: A review of supporting evidence . Am J Psychiatry 122:509-522, 1965. 35. Bunney WE Jr, Davis JM: Norepinephrine in depressive reactions . Arch Gen Psychiatry 13:483-494, 1965.Crossref 36. Robins E, Guze SB: Classification of affective disorders , in Williams TA, Katz MM, Shield JA (eds): Recent Advances in the Psychobiology of Depressive Illnesses , publication (HSM) 70-9053. Dept Health, Education and Welfare, 1972. 37. Feigner JP, Robins E, Guze SB, et al: Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research . Arch Gen Psychiatry 26:57-63, 1972.Crossref 38. Gershon ES, Mark A, Cohen N, et al: Transmitted factors in the morbid risk of affective disorders . J Psychiatr Res , to be published. 39. Bunney WE Jr, Hamburg DA: Methods for reliable longitudinal observation of behavior . Arch Gen Psychiatry 9:280-294, 1963.Crossref 40. Rockliff BW: A brief rating scale for antidepressant drug trials . Compr Psychiatry 12:122-135, 1971.Crossref 41. Klerman GL, Cole JO: Clinical pharmacology of impipramine and related antidepressant compounds . Pharmacol Rev 17:101-141, 1965. 42. Jonas WZ, Gershon ES: A method for determination of catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in red blood cells . Clin Chim Acta 54:391-394, 1974.Crossref 43. Buchsbaum M, Pfefferbaum A: Individual differences in stimulus intensity response . Psychophysiology 8:600-611, 1971.Crossref 44. Mendlewicz J, Fieve RR, Stallone F: Relationship between effectiveness of lithium therapy and family history . Am J Psychiatry 130:1011-1013, 1973. 45. Mendlewicz J, Fieve RR, Rainer JD, et al: Manic-depressive illness: A comparative study of patients with and without a family history . Br J Psychiatry 120:523-530, 1972.Crossref 46. Goodwin FK, Post RM: Brain serotonin, affective illness and antidepressant drugs: Cerebrospinal fluid studies with probenecid. Read before the international symposium on indoleamines in brain. Sardinia, Italy, 1973.

Kirkegaard, Carsten;Nørlem, Nanna;Lauridsen, Ulrik Birk;Bjørum, Niels;Christiansen, Christian

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760270047004pmid: 810113

Abstract • Thyroid levels were estimated in 15 patients with endogenous depressions. Before electroconvulsive treatment (ECT), serum thyroxine (T, ) and free T, index values were elevated (P <.02). After recovery from depression, the levels were normal. Serum triiodothyronine (T3) and free T3 index were normal both before and after ECT. Serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels were also normal and not substantially altered by the ECT procedure. The mean maximal TSH response to protirelin (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) was diminished in the depressed patients and normal after recovery. In three patients, the increase in TSH response to protirelin after recovery did not occur and they relapsed within six months, while in seven patients with increased TSH response to protirelin after recovery only one relapse occurred. The disturbances in the free T4 index, T49 and the protirelin test may in some depressed patients resemble hyperthyroidism, but this condition can be excluded by means of serum T3 and free T3 index. References 1. Prange AJ, Wilson IC, Rabon AM, et al: Enhancement of imipramine antidepressant activity by thyroid hormone . Am J Psychiatry 126:457-469, 1969. 2. Earle BV: Thyroid hormone and tricyclic antidepressants in resistant depressions . Am J Psychiatry 126:1667-1669, 1970. 3. Wilson IC, Prange AJ, McClane TK, et al: Thyroid-hormone enhancement of imipramine in nonretarded depressions . N Engl J Med 282:1063-1067, 1970.Crossref 4. Coppen A, Whybrow PC, Noguera R, et al: The comparative antidepressant value of L-tryptophan and imipramine with and without attempted potentiation by liothyronine . Arch Gen Psychiatry 26:234-241, 1972.Crossref 5. Wheatley D: Potentiation of amitriptyline by thyroid hormone . Arch Gen Psychiatry 26:229-233, 1972.Crossref 6. Prange AJ, Wilson IC, Knox A, et al: Enhancement of imipramine by thyroid stimulating hormone: Clinical and theoretical implications . Am J Psychiatry 127:191-199, 1970. 7. prange AJ, Wilson IC: Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) for the immediate relief of depression: A preliminary report . Psychopharmacologia , (suppl 26) , 1972, p 82. 8. Kastin AJ, Ehrensing RH, Schalch DS, et al: Improvement in mental depression with decreased thyrotropin response after administration of thyrotropin-reseasing hormone . Lancet 2:740-742, 1972.Crossref 9. prange AJ, Wilson IC, Lara PP, et al: Effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in depression . Lancet 2:999-1002, 1972.Crossref 10. Lazarus JH, Bennie EH: Effect of lithium on thyroid function in man . Acta Endocrinol 70:266-272, 1972. 11. Emerson CH, Dyson WL, Utiger RD: Serum thyrotropin and thyroxine concentrations in patients receiving lithium carbonate . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 36:338-346, 1973.Crossref 12. Murphy BP: The determination of thyroxine by competitive proteinbinding analysis employing an anion-exchange resin and radiothyroxine . J Lab Clin Med 66:161-167, 1965. 13. Kirkegaard C, Friis T, Siersbaek-Nielsen K: Measurements of serum triiodothyronine by radioimmunoassay . Acta Endocrinol 77:71-81, 1974. 14. Lauridsen UB, Deckert T, Friis T, et al: Estimation of serum thyrotropin (TSH) and stimulation with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in thyroid diseases . Acta Med Scand 196:171-176, 1974.Crossref 15. Whybrow PC, Coppen A, Prange AJ Jr, et al: Thyroid function and the response to liothyronine in depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry 26:242-245, 1972.Crossref 16. Mason JW: A review of psychoendocrine research on the pituitarythyroid system . Psychosom Med 30:666-681, 1968.Crossref 17. Bock E, Weeke B, Rafaelsen OJ: Serum proteins in acutely psychotic patients . J Psychiatr Res 9:1-9, 1971.Crossref 18. Takahashi S, Kondo H, Yoshimura M, et al: Antidepressant effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and the plasma thyrotropin levels in depression . Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jap 27:305-314, 1973. 19. Coppen A, Montgomery S, Peet M, et al: Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone in the treatment of depression . Lancet 2:433-435, 1974.Crossref 20. Ehrensing RH, Kastin AJ, Schalch DS, et al: Affective state and thyrotropin and prolactin responses after repeated injections of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in depressed patients . Am J Psychiatry 131:714-718, 1974. 21. Otsuki M, Dadoka M, Baba S: Influence of glucocorticoids on TRF-induced TSH response in man . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 36:95-102, 1973.Crossref 22. Board F, Wadeson R, Persky H: Depressive affect and endocrine functions . Arch Neurol Psychiatry 78:612-620, 1957.Crossref 23. Gibbons JL, McHugh PR: Plasma cortisol in depressive illness . Psychiatr Res 1:162-171, 1963.Crossref 24. Butler PWP, Besser GM: Pituitary-adrenal function in severe depressive illness . Lancet 1:1234-1236, 1968.Crossref 25. Ryan RJ, Swanson DW, Faiman C, et al: Effects of convulsive electroshock on serum concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone and growth hormone in man . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 30:51-58, 1970.Crossref 26. Hershman JM, Pittman JA: Utility of the radioimmunoassay of serum thyrotrophin in man . Ann Intern Med 74:481-490, 1970.Crossref 27. Thorell JI, Adielsson G: Antidepressive effects of electroconvulsive therapy and thyrotrophin-releasing hormone . Lancet 2:43, 1973.Crossref 28. Hutton WN: Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone in depression . Lancet 2:53, 1974.Crossref

van den Burg, Willem;van den Hoofdakker, Rutger H.

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760270053005pmid: 1101846

Abstract • Ten endogenous depressive patients were deprived of sleep for two whole nights according to the following schedule: sleep/sleep deprivation/sleep/sleep deprivation/sleep. No drugs were administered. Experimental conditions were as neutral as possible. Blind and nonblind ratings were taken. The patients were generally rated as improved after sleep deprivation, but a substantial effect, though temporary with rapid relapse, occurred in only two cases. After subsequent sleep, relapse followed as a rule. The net antidepressive effect of the total procedure was slightly more than nil. References 1. Schulte W: Klinische Erfahrungen über das Herausgeraten aus der melancholischen Phase , in Hippius H, Selbach H (eds): Das depressive Syndrom . München, Urban Schwarzenberg, 1969, pp 415-420. 2. Schulte W: Zum Problem der Provokation und Kupierung von melancholischen Phasen . Schweiz Arch Neurol Neurochir Psychiatr 109:427-435, 1971. 3. Pflug B, Tölle R: Therapie endogener Depressionen durch Schlafentzug . Nervenarzt 42:117-124, 1971. 4. Pflug B: Über den Schlafentzug in der ambulanten Therapie endogener Depression . Nervenarzt 43:614-622, 1972. 5. Pflug B: Therapeutic aspects of sleep deprivation , in Koella WP, Levin P (eds): Sleep: Physiology, Biochemistry, Psychology, Pharmacology, Clinical Implications . Basel, Switzerland, Karger, 1973. 6. Webb WB, Agnew HW: Sleep and Dreams . Dubuque, Iowa, WC Brown Co, 1973. 7. Hamilton M: Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness . Br J Soc Clin Psychol 6:278-296, 1967.Crossref 8. Aitken RCB: Measurement of feelings using visual analogue scales . Proc R Soc Med 62:989-993, 1969. 9. Zeally AK, Aitken RCB: Measurement of mood . Proc R Soc Med 62:993-996, 1969. 10. Hollander M, Wolfe DA: Nonparametric Statistical Methods . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1973. 11. Fleiss JL: Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1973. 12. Aitken RCB, Zeally AK: Measurements of mood . Br J Hosp Med 4:215-224, 1970. 13. Stallone F, Huba GJ, Lawlor WG, et al: Longitudinal studies of diurnal variations in depression: A sample of 643 patient days . Br J Psychiatry 123:311-318, 1973.Crossref 14. Wilkinson RT: Aftereffect of sleep deprivation . J Exp Psychol 66:439-442, 1963.Crossref 15. Vogel GW, Traub AC, Ben-Horin P, et al: REM deprivation: II. The effects on depressed patients . Arch Gen Psychiatry 18:301-311, 1968.Crossref 16. Vogel GW, Thompson FC Jr, Thurmond A, et al: The effect of REM deprivation in depression , in Koella WP, Levin P (eds): Sleep: Physiology, Biochemistry, Psychology, Pharmacology, Clinical Implications . Basel, Switzerland, Karger, 1973, pp 191-195. 17. Kahneman D: Attention and Effort . Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall Inc, 1973. 18. Zung WWK, Wilson WP, Dodson WE: Effect of depressive disorders on sleep EEG responses . Arch Gen Psychiatry 10:439-445, 1964.Crossref 19. Zung WWK: Effect of antidepressant drugs on sleeping and dreaming: III. On the depressed patient . Biol Psychiatry 1:283-287, 1969.

Donnelly, Edward F.;Murphy, Dennis L.;Scott, Winfield H.

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760270060006pmid: 1180662

Abstract • The Rorschach was administered to 16 bipolar and 13 unipolar patients hospitalized during a depressive episode. Two contrasting styles of Rorschach responding differentiated the two patient groups. The bipolar style of response is characterized by selective attention to the more objective aspects of the inkblots, while the unipolar style of response is characterized by a more subjective approach. Primary response to color was found only in the protocols of bipolar patients. The styles of response were discussed in relation to other studies showing similar results based on self-assessment and clinical tests. It was suggested that perceptual-cognitive structuring of the external environment may be related to, or predispose, mood levels. References 1. Biegel A, Murphy DL: Unipolar and bipolar affective illness: Differences in clinical characteristics accompanying depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry 24:215-220, 1971.Crossref 2. Murphy DL, Goodwin FK, Bunney WE Jr. Clinical and pharmacological investigations of the psychobiology of the affective disorders . Int Pharmacopsychiatry 6:137-146, 1971. 3. Perris C: Personality patterns in patients with affective disorders . Acta Psychiatr Scand 47( (suppl 221) ):43-51, 1971.Crossref 4. Donnelly EF, Murphy DL: Primary affective disorder: MMPI differences between unipolar and bipolar depressed subjects . J Clin Psychol 29:303-306, 1973.Crossref 5. Murphy DL, Weiss R: Reduced monoamine oxidase activity in blood platelets from bipolar depressed patients . Am J Psychiatry 128:1351-1357, 1972. 6. Winokur G, Clayton PV, Reich T: Manic-Depressive Illness . St. Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1969. 7. Perris C: A study of bipolar (manic-depressive) and unipolar recurrent depressive psychoses . Acta Psychiatr Scand 42( (suppl 194) ):1-189, 1966.Crossref 8. Goodwin FK, Murphy DL, Bunney WE Jr: Lithium-carbonate treatment in depression and mania . Arch Gen Psychiatry 21:486-496, 1969.Crossref 9. Murphy DL, Brodie HKH, Goodwin FK, et al: Regular induction of hypomania by L-dopa in "bipolar" manic-depressive patients . Nature 229:135-136, 1971.Crossref 10. Donnelly EF, Murphy DL: Primary affective disorder: Bender-Gestalt sequence as an indicator of impulse control . Percept Mot Skills 38:1079-1082, 1974.Crossref 11. Donnelly EF, Murphy DL: Primary affective disorder: Delineation of a unipolar depressive subtype . Psychol Rep 32:744-746, 1973.Crossref 12. Donnelly EF, Murphy DL: Social desirability and bipolar affective disorder . J Consult Clin Psychol 41:469, 1973.Crossref 13. Feighner JP, Robins E, Guze SB, et al: Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research . Arch Gen Psychiatry 26:57-63, 1972.Crossref 14. Pope B, Scott WH: Psychological Diagnosis in Clinical Practice With Applications in Medicine, Law, Education, Nursing, and Social Work . New York, Oxford University Press, 1976, p 131. 15. Murray LG, Blackburn IM: Personality differences in patients with depressive illness and anxiety neurosis . Acta Psychiatr Scand 50:183-191, 1974.Crossref 16. Beck AT: Depression: Causes and Treatment . Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972. 17. Rorschach H: Psychodiagnostics . Berne, Switzerland, Hans Huber, 1942. 18. Schmidt HO, Fonda CP: Rorschach scores in the manic state . J Psychol 38:427-437, 1954.Crossref 19. Spielberger CD, Borgman R, Becker J, et al: Affective expression in manic-depressive reactions . J Nerv Ment Dis 141:664-669, 1965.Crossref 20. Kotin J, Goodwin FK: Depression during mania: Clinical observations and theoretical implications . Am J Psychiatry 129:55-62, 1972. 21. Donnelly EF, Murphy DL, Goodwin FK: Cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of bipolar and unipolar depressed groups on the MMPI. J Consult Clin Psychol, to be published. 22. Cohen MB, Baker G, Cohen RA, et al: An intensive study of 12 cases of manic-depressive psychosis . Psychiatry 17:103-137, 1954.

Dunner, David L.;Fieve, Ronald R.

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760270066007pmid: 1180663

Abstract • A systematic interview regarding family history was administered to 48 men with bipolar affective illness who were attending a lithium clinic. Several families were found in which both the patient and his father had affective disorders, but the mother and maternal second-degree relatives were well. Of 30 men who had histories of hospitalization for mania, three had fathers with affective disorder (all bipolar). Of 18 men who had depression and hypomania, one father had unipolar depressive disorder. The hypothesis that bipolar manic-depressive illness may be transmitted by a single dominant genetic factor on the X chromosome is discussed in relation to these ill father—ill son pairs. References 1. Reich T, Clayton P, Winokur G: Family history studies: V. The genetics of mania . Am J Psychiatry 125:1358-1369, 1969. 2. Winokur G, Clayton P, Reich T: Manic Depressive Illness . St. Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1969. 3. Mendlewicz J, Fleiss JL, Fieve RR: Evidence for X-linkage in the transmission of manic-depressive illness . JAMA 222:1624-1627, 1972.Crossref 4. Fieve RR, Mendlewicz J, Fleiss JL: Manic-depressive illness: Linkage with the Xg blood group . Am J Psychiatry 130:1355-1359, 1973. 5. Feighner JP, Robins E, Guze SB, et al: Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research . Arch Gen Psychiatry 26:57-63, 1972.Crossref 6. Dunner DL, Gershon ES, Goodwin FK: Heritable factors in the severity of affective illness . Sci Proc Am Psychiatry Assoc 123:187-188, 1970. 7. Helzer JE, Winokur G: A family interview study of male manic depressives . Arch Gen Psychiatry 31:73-77, 1974.Crossref 8. Von Greiff H, McHugh PR, Stokes PE: The familial history in 16 males with bipolar manic-depressive illness , in Fieve RR, Rosenthal D, Brill H (eds): Genetic Research in Psychiatry . Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975, pp 233-239. 9. Taylor M, Abrams R: Manic states: A genetic study of early and late onset affective disorders . Arch Gen Psychiatry 28:656-658, 1973.Crossref 10. Mendlewicz J, Fleiss JL, Cataldo M, et al: The accuracy of the family history method in studies of affective illness . Arch Gen Psychiatry 32:309-314, 1975.Crossref 11. Gershon ES, Dunner DL, Sturt L, et al: Assortative mating in the affective disorders . Biol Psychiatry 7:63-73, 1973. 12. Dunner DL, Addonizio G, Fieve RR: Assortative mating and marital status in primary affective disorder. Biol Psychiatry, to be published.

Helzer, John E.

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760270072008pmid: 1180664

Abstract • Eleven black and 19 white men with conditions diagnosed as manic-depressive disease, manic type were given a systematic psychiatric interview. In addition, as many of their first-degree relatives as could be contacted were also interviewed. Demographic, clinical, and family history variables were compared for the two races. With the exception of a greater preponderance of alcoholism in the paternal relatives of the black men, few differences were found between the two groups in terms of the variables studied. It was concluded that the clinical and familial expression of bipolar affective disorder is similar in the two races. References 1. Malzberg B: Mental disorders in the United States , in Deutsch A, Fishman H (eds): Encyclopedia of Mental Health . New York, Franklin Watts Inc, 1963, pp 1062-1063. 2. Johnson G, Gershon S, Hekimian L: Controlled evaluation of lithium and chlorpromazine in the treatment of manic states: An interim report . Compr Psychiatry 9:563-573, 1968.Crossref 3. Pasamanick B: Some misconceptions concerning differences in the racial prevalence of mental disease . Am J Orthopsychiatry 33:72-86, 1963.Crossref 4. Fischer J: Negroes and whites and rates of mental illness: Reconsideration of a myth . Psychiatry 32:428-446, 1969. 5. Thomas A, Sillen S: Racism and Psychiatry . New York, Brunner/Mazel Inc, 1972. 6. Tonks CM, Paykel ES, Klerman GL: Clinical depressions among Negroes . Am J Psychiatry 127:329-335, 1970. 7. Simon RJ, Fleiss JL, Gurland BJ, et al: Depression and schizophrenia in hospitalized black and white mental patients . Arch Gen Psychiatry 28:509-512, 1973.Crossref 8. Perris C (ed): A study of bipolar (manic-depressive) and unipolar recurrent depressive psychosis . Acta Psychiatr Scand , (suppl) 194, p 2, 1966. 9. Helzer JE, Winokur G: A family interview study of male manic depressives . Arch Gen Psychiatry 31:73-77, 1974.Crossref 10. Feighner JP, Robins E, Guze SB, et al: Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research . Arch Gen Psychiatry 26:57-63, 1972.Crossref 11. Dunner DD, Fieve RR: Psychiatric illness in fathers of men with bipolar primary affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, to be published. 12. Winokur G, Clayton P, Reich T: Manic Depressive Illness . St. Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1969. 13. Gurland BJ, Fleiss JL, Cooper JE, et al: Cross-national study of diagnosis of the mental disorders: Some comparisons of diagnostic criteria from the first investigation . Am J Psychiatry 125( (suppl) ):30-39, 1969. 14. Taylor MA, Abrams R: The phenomenology of mania . Arch Gen Psychiatry 29:520-522, 1973.Crossref

Guze, Samuel B.;Woodruff, Robert A.;Clayton, Paula J.

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760270079009pmid: 1180665

Abstract • A study of 253 patients with primary and secondary affective disorders disclosed that psychotic features were more frequent among bipolar patients. Except for more frequent psychiatric hospitalization among unipolar patients with psychotic features, no demographic, family history, or parental home variable was found to distinguish between those with and without psychotic features. Chance variation probably accounted for the few symptoms whose frequencies were different depending on the presence or absence of psychotic features. The results failed to support the validity of a classification of affective disorders based on the presence or absence of psychotic features. References 1. Woodruff RA Jr, Guze SB, Clayton PJ: Unipolar and bipolar primary affective disorder . Br J Psychiatry 119:33-38, 1971.Crossref 2. Perris C: A study of bipolar (manic-depressive) and unipolar (recurrent depressive) psychoses . Acta Psychiatr Scand 42 ( (suppl 194) ):1-189, 1966.Crossref 3. Winokur G, Clayton PJ, Reich T: Manic Depressive Illness . St. Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1969. 4. Robins E, Guze SB: Classification of affective disorders: The primarysecondary, the endogenous-reactive, and the neurotic-psychotic concepts, in Williams TA, Katz MM, Sheild JA (eds): Recent Advances in the Psychobiology of the Depressive Illnesses: Proceedings of the Workshop. Bethesda, Md, National Institute of Mental Health, 1969, pp 283-293. 5. Kay DWK, Garside RF, Roy JR, et al: "Endogenous" and "neurotic" syndromes of depression: A five- to seven-year follow-up of 104 cases . Br J Psychiatry 115:389-399, 1969.Crossref 6. Kiloh LG, Garside RF: The independence of neurotic depression and endogenous depression . Br J Psychiatry 109:451-463, 1963.Crossref 7. Klerman GL: Clinical research in depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry 24:305-319, 1971.Crossref 8. Guze SB, Woodruff RA Jr, Clayton PJ: "Secondary" affective disorder: A study of 95 cases . Psychol Med 1:426-428, 1971.Crossref 9. Guze SB, Goodwin DW, Crane JB: Criminality and psychiatric disorders . Arch Gen Psychiatry 20:583-591, 1969.Crossref 10. Guze SB, Woodruff RA Jr, Clayton PJ: Hysteria and antisocial behavior: Further evidence of an association . Am J Psychiatry 127:957-960, 1971. 11. Guze SB, Woodruff RA Jr, Clayton PJ: A study of conversion symptoms in psychiatric outpatients . Am J Psychiatry 128:643-646, 1971. 12. Guze SB, Woodruff RA Jr, Clayton PJ: Sex, age, and the diagnosis of hysteria (Briquet's syndrome) . Am J Psychiatry 129:745-748, 1972. 13. Woodruff RA Jr, Clayton PJ, Guze SB: Hysteria: An evaluation of specific diagnostic criteria by the study of randomly selected psychiatric clinic patients . Br J Psychiatry 115:1243-1248, 1969.Crossref 14. Woodruff RA Jr, Clayton PJ, Guze SB: Suicide attempts and psychiatric diagnosis . Dis Nerv Syst 33:617-621, 1972. 15. Woodruff RA Jr, Guze SB, Clayton PJ: The medical and psychiatric implications of antisocial personality (sociopathy) . Dis Nerv Syst 32:712-714, 1971. 16. Woodruff RA Jr, Guze SB, Clayton PJ: Anxiety neurosis among psychiatric outpatients . Compr Psychiatry 13:165-170, 1972.Crossref 17. Woodruff RA Jr, Guze SB, Clayton PJ: Divorce among psychiatric outpatients . Br J Psychiatry 121:289-292, 1972.Crossref 18. Woodruff RA Jr, Guze SB, Clayton PJ, et al: Alcoholism and depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry 28:97-100, 1973.Crossref 19. Liss JL, Welner A, Robins E, et al: Psychiatric symptoms in white and black inpatients: I. Record study . Compr Psychiatry 14:475-481, 1973.Crossref 20. Welner A, Liss JL, Robins E: Psychiatric symptoms in white and black inpatients: II. Follow-up study . Compr Psychiatry 14:483-488, 1973.Crossref

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760270082010pmid: N/A

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract Three Errors.—In the article, "Physiological and Psychological Effects of Methadone in Man," published in the February ARCHIVES (32:237-242, 1975), the following errors occurred. On page 238, in column 1, line 6 should begin "5.75 months," not "five months."