Differential action upon the sexes of forces which tend to segregate the feeblemindedHollingworth, Leta S.
doi: 10.1037/h0069185pmid: N/A
It has often been stated that among individuals of the lowest two or three percentiles in the distribution of human intelligence there are more males than females. This statement has been based chiefly on the census of state training schools for mental defectives, and of special classes for subnormal children. The present investigation proposes (1) to throw additional light upon the question of the frequency of extreme deviations in intelligence, as related to sex, (2) to pass upon the validity of the census of the segregated, as a measure of sex differences in mental variation, and (3) to give an account of the extent to which segregation may be differential, as it affects boys and girls. The method is to analyze large samplings respectively of those who are brought for mental examination because they are thought to be deficient, and of those who have been actually segregated. Conclusions and implications of this study are explored.
Temperament in harmonious human relationshipsReam, M. J.
doi: 10.1037/h0068911pmid: N/A
Do we prefer to work with people having temperaments similar to our own or with persons having contrasting temperaments? Is the mobile, "rapid-fire" type of man more popular than the deliberate, accurate type? This paper describes an attempt to answer these questions using the experimental method. Seventy-five men, enrolled in the School of Salesmanship at the Carnegie Institute of Technology, served as subjects for the experiment. At the beginning of the course the entire class was given the Carnegie series of group will-temperament tests. It was assumed that high scores in tests of mental and motor speed indicated quick temperaments. These men were accordingly designated the mobile, "rapid-fire" type. The significance of the high scores in the accuracy tests was similarly assumed. Accordingly those whose standings in the accuracy tests were noticeably higher than their standings in the speed tests, were designated the "deliberate" type. The following conclusions may be drawn: (1) Men of the mobile type are more popular than men of the deliberate type. The difference in the percentage is more than three times the error of the difference. (2) Men of mobile type prefer to work with their own type, other things being equal. The difference in the percentage is more than four times the error of the difference. The "rapid-fire" man wants fast people to assist him. (3) Persons of deliberate type are evenly divided in their preferences. As a group they like to work with either type. Other factors than mobile-deliberate tendencies determine the choice.
How is a science of social psychology possible?Kantor, J. R.
doi: 10.1037/h0066777pmid: N/A
Institutional social psychology may be considered a definite science, all the more so indeed because it is not based upon an arbitrary theory of fixed causes which would obviously remove it far from any factual situation. Our faith in the institutional suggestions that we have offered for the qualification of social psychology as a science arises precisely from the fact that such an institutional conception is derived from the fluctuating and modifiable phenomena which themselves constitute social reactions. And further, because we believe that besides the physical sciences there can be and are disciplines which investigate and evaluate facts just as they occur in nature, we feel confident that social psychology may take its appropriate place in the domain of the positive sciences.
Work with socially maladjusted girlsWembridge, Eleanor Rowland
doi: 10.1037/h0069559pmid: N/A
This article describes the Women's Protective Association, an institution begun to assist socially maladjusted girls and women. The Association expanded within 6 years to incorporate the work of 9 field workers, a liaison worker who divides her time between the Association and the police court, a psychologist, and an executive secretary.
Behaviorism in the light of medicineRoback, A. A.
doi: 10.1037/h0064852pmid: N/A
This article discusses conceptions of mental disorders. In order to revolutionize psychiatry and introduce a new conception of mental pathology, it would be necessary to give detailed treatment to a number of cases on record and to offer behavioristic equivalents to the many serviceable terms current in psychiatry and psychopathology that are rooted in traditional psychology.
Review of 'Essentials of Social Psychology'Prince, Morton
doi: 10.1037/h0068645pmid: N/A
Reviews the book, Essentials of Social Psychology by Emory S. Bogardus . Professor Bogardus believes that the task of social psychology is, first, to explain those mental attributes of the individual which are directly involved in his social adjustments, and then to show how the group itself is composed of independent personalities, how it functions as a whole, and how it controls the individual. Thus social psychology is conceived to be "psychological in its origin and sociological in its outlook." The chapters in which sociological theories are developed are clear and commendably concrete. The portion of the book, however, which deals with the psychology of the individual seems inadequate in the light of recent contributions which materially aid in understanding the problems of personality. Studies of immense importance to the social psychologist have been made within the past decade by psychoanalysis, clinicians, and experimentalists. The social psychologist can no longer appeal for authority solely to outworn conceptions of imitativeness, gregariousness or complex social instincts. He must keep abreast of the times, which means that he must utilize the best of the material currently produced on the subjects of individual differences, emotionality, volition, normal and psychopathic personalities, and character traits. There can be no doubt that the principal problems with which the book treats, such as the social behavior of the individual, language, crowd and group phenomena, and social control, are all true data of social psychology. It is something to have outlined the field and to have suggested a large number of concrete problems which need psychological explanation; but the demarcation of province and the setting of tasks is only a beginning. We must look to the future to produce a book which will interpret and elucidate these problems in the light of modern, scientific psychology.