TY - JOUR
AU - Weiss, David S.
AB - REVIEW URRENT I can see CRISPR now, even when phage are gone: PINION a view on alternative CRISPR-Cas functions from the prokaryotic envelope a,b,c,
 d,
 b,c,e Hannah K. Ratner , Timothy R. Sampson , and David S. Weiss Purpose of review CRISPR-Cas systems are prokaryotic immune systems against invading nucleic acids that adapt as new environmental threats arise. There are emerging examples of CRISPR-Cas functions in bacterial physiology beyond their role in adaptive immunity. This highlights the poorly understood, but potentially common, moonlighting functions of these abundant systems. We propose that these noncanonical CRISPR-Cas activities have evolved to respond to stresses at the cell envelope. Recent findings Here, we discuss recent literature describing the impact of the extracellular environment on the regulation of CRISPR-Cas systems, and the influence of CRISPR-Cas activity on bacterial physiology. These described noncanonical CRISPR-Cas functions allow the bacterial cell to respond to the extracellular environment, primarily through changes in envelope physiology. Summary This review discusses the expanding noncanonical functions of CRISPR-Cas systems, including their roles in virulence, focusing mainly on their relationship to the cell envelope. We first examine the effects of the extracellular environment on regulation of CRISPR-Cas components, and then discuss the impact 
TI - I can see CRISPR now, even when phage are gone  a view on alternative CRISPR-Cas functions from the prokaryotic envelope
JF - Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
DO - 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000154
DA - 2015-06-01
UR - https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wolters-kluwer-health/i-can-see-crispr-now-even-when-phage-are-gone-a-view-on-alternative-0UZugOLFwO
SP - 267–274-267&ndash
EP - ndash;274-267–274
VL - 28
IS - 3
DP - DeepDyve
ER -