TY - JOUR
AU - Carter, Robert T.
AB -  Robert T. Carter is a n assistant professor o psychology and education in the Counseling f Psychology Program. Teachers College-Columbia University, New York.New York. JOURNAL OF MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT / JULY 1991 / VOL. 19 105 group psychological variables (e.g., self-concept or racial identity) might be more useful in efforts to understand African American psychological functioning or mental health. Using within-group psychological variables drawn from theory may aid or increase our understanding of African Americans’psychological functioning and moreover does not assume that all African Americans have the same psychological makeups or interpret their experiences in a similar manner. One way that theorists and researchers have attempted to understand within-group psychological differences among African Americans has been through the use of racial identity or Nigrescence theory (e.g., Cross, 1978; Helms, 1990b: Thomas, 1970). Racial identity theorists argue that African Americans differ in the extent and degree to which they identify with their ascribed racial/cultural group. That is, racial group membership may not be a sufficient criterion for cultural group membership (Carter & Helms, 1987). Cross (1978)and Cross, Parham, and Helms (in press) proposed that, as racial identity evolves, African Americans progress through a sequence of four stages, each 
TI - Racial Identity Attitudes and Psychological Functioning
JF - Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development
DO - 10.1002/j.2161-1912.1991.tb00547.x
DA - 1991-07-01
UR - https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/racial-identity-attitudes-and-psychological-functioning-5Yv04t1lXs
SP - 105
EP - 114
VL - 19
IS - 3
DP - DeepDyve
ER -