TY - JOUR
AU1 - Hofstede, Geert
AB - flit. Studies of Mall. & Org .. Vol. XllI. No. 1-~, pp. 46-74 M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1983 NATIONAL CULTURES IN FOUR DIMENSIONS A Research-based Theory of Cultural Differences among Nations Geert Hofstede (the Netherlands) This report summarizes a large research project., in­ volving 116,000 questionnaires, about the work-related value patterns of matched samples of industrial employees in 50 countries and 3 regions at 2 points in time. Half of the variance in the countries' mean scores can be ex­ plained by four basic dimensions, here labeled power. distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism versus collectivism, and masculinity versus femininity. These dimensions are offered as a framework for developing hypotheses in cross-cultural organization studies. Index scores of the countries on the 4 dimensions correlate significantly with the outcomes of about 40 existing com­ parative studies. The four dimensions considered here relate to very fundamental problems which face any human society, but. to which different societies have found different answers. They are used to explain (1) different ways of structur­ ing organizations, (2) different.Jllotivations of people within organizations, and (3) different issues people and organizations face within society. On the basis of com­ bined scores, the countries studied can be grouped by cul- 
TI - National Cultures in Four Dimensions: A Research-Based Theory of Cultural Differences among Nations
JF - International Studies of Management & Organization
DO - 10.1080/00208825.1983.11656358
DA - 1983-03-01
UR - https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/taylor-francis/national-cultures-in-four-dimensions-a-research-based-theory-of-DIJxSfVZXG
SP - 46
EP - 74
VL - 13
IS - 1-2
DP - DeepDyve
ER -