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Epileptiform Seizures From Chronic Isolated Cortex

Epileptiform Seizures From Chronic Isolated Cortex Abstract The present experiments are concerned with further evidence of the epileptogenic properties of chronic partially isolated (denervated) monkey cerebral cortex. Marshall Hall29 in 1841 remarked, "The first effect of injury done to the nervous system is a diminution of its functions; whilst the second or ulterior effect is the augmentation of those functions." In 1880 Claude Bernard3 stated, "The excitability of all tissues seems to augment when they are separated from the nervous influences which dominate them." In subsequent years there followed a wide series of observations, largely on excitable peripheral structures, confirming and expanding the opinions of Hall and Bernard. In 1939 Cannon,9 in his Hughlings Jackson lecture at the Montreal Neurological Institute, presented his Law of Denervation as follows: "When in a series of efferent neurones a unit is destroyed an increased irritability to chemical agents develops in the isolated structure or structures, the effects References 1. When the word "isolated" is used in quotation marks it refers to chronic partially neuronally isolated cerebral cortex. 2. Adams, J. E., Aird, R. B., and Garoutte, W.: Fluid and Electrolyte Exchange in Brain in Experimental Convulsions , Trans Amer Neurol Ass 77:34-38, 1952. 3. Ajmone-Marsan, C.: Electrographic Aspects of "Epileptic" Neuronal Aggregates , Epilepsia (Amst) 2:22-38, 1961.Crossref 4. Bernard, C. Leçons de pathologie expérimentale , Paris, 1880. 5. Bradley, K.; Easton, D. M.; and Eccles, J. C.: An Investigation of Primary or Direct Inhibition , J Physiol (London) 122:474-488, 1953. 6. Brücke, F. T.: The Cholinesterase in Sympathetic Ganglia , J Physiol (London) 89:429-437, 1937. 7. Burns, B. D.: Some Properties of the Cat's Isolated Cerebral Cortex in the Unanaesthetized Cat , J Physiol (London) 111:50-68, 1950. 8. Burns, B. D.: The Mammalian Cerebral Cortex , Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, Company, 1958. 9. Cajal, R. Y.: Degeneration and Regeneration of the Nervous System , translated by R. M. May, New York: Hafner, 1959. 10. Cannon, W. B.: A Law of Denervation , Amer J Med Sci 108:731-740, 1939. 11. Cannon, W. B., and Rosenblueth, A.: The Supersensitivity of Denervated Structures: A Law of Denervation , New York: The Macmillan Company, 1949. 12. Couteaux, R., and Nachmansohn, D.: Changes of Cholinesterase at End Plates of Voluntary Muscle Following Section of Sciatic Nerve , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 43:177-181, 1940.Crossref 13. Eccles, J. C.: The Physiology of Nerve Cells , Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1957. 14. Eccles, J. C.; Fatt, P.; and Koketsu, K.: Cholinergic and Inhibitory Synapses in a Pathway from Motor-Axon Collaterals to Motoneurones , J Physiol (London) 126:524-562, 1954. 15. Echlin, F. A.: The Supersensitivity of Chronically "Isolated" Cerebral Cortex as a Mechanism in Focal Epilepsy , Electroenceph Clin Neuro-Physiol 11:697-722, 1959.Crossref 16. Echlin, F. A.; Arnett, V.; and Zoll, J.: Paroxysmal High Voltage Discharges From Isolated and Partially Isolated Human and Animal Cerebral Cortex , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 4:147-164, 1952.Crossref 17. Echlin, F. A., and McDonald, J.: The Supersensitivity of Chronically Isolated Cerebral Cortex as a Mechanism in Focal Cortical Epilepsy , Trans Amer Neurol Ass 79:75-79, 1954. 18. Echlin, F. A., and Battista, A.: Chronic Partial "Isolation" of Cerebral Cortex as a Basic Cause of Focal Epilepsy , Trans Amer Neurol Ass 85:208, 1960. 19. Echlin, F. A., and Battista, A.: Epileptic Seizures Originating in Chronic Partially Isolated Cerebral Cortex Following Peripheral Nerve Stimulation , Trans Amer Neurol Ass 86:209, 1961. 20. Echlin, F. A., and Battista, A.: Regional Differences in Epileptiform Electrical Response of the Unanesthetized Cerebral Cortex to Acetylcholine , Neurology (Minneap) 12:551-559, 1962.Crossref 21. Echlin, F. A., and Battista, A.: Decreased Cholinesterase in Supersensitive Epileptogenic Chronically "Isolated" Cerebral Cortex , Trans Amer Neurol Ass 87, 1962. 22. Eidelberg, E.; Konigsmark, B.; and French, J. D.: Electrocortical Manifestations of Epilepsy in Monkey , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 11:121-128, 1959.Crossref 23. Eidelberg, E., and French, J. D.: Dendritic Mechanisms , Epilepsia (Amst) 2:39-41, 1961.Crossref 24. Erickson, T. C.: Spread of the Epileptic Discharge: An Experimental Study of the After-Discharge Induced by Electrical Stimulation of the Cerebral Cortex , Arch Neurol Psychiat 43:429-452, 1940.Crossref 25. French, J. D.; Gernandt, B. D.; and Livingston, R. B.: Regional Differences in Seizure Susceptibility in Monkey Cortex , AMA Arch Neurol Psychiat 75:260-274, 1956.Crossref 26. Franken, L.: Contribution á l'étude expérimentale des phénoménes de sensibilisation par dénervation au niveau de l'ecorce cérébrale, thése presentée á la Faculté de Medicine de l'Université de Bruxelles, 1960. 27. Gelfan, S., and Tarlov, I. M.: Interneurones and Rigidity of Spinal Origin , J Physiol (London) 146:594-617, 1959. 28. Gibbs, F. A., and Gibbs, E. L.: Atlas of Electroencephalography , Cambridge, Mass: Addison-Wesley Press, 1952. 29. Grafstein, B., and Sastry, P. B.: Some Preliminary Electrophysiological Studies on Chronic Neuronally Isolated Cerebral Cortex , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 9:723, 1957.Crossref 30. Hall, M.: On the Diseases and Derangements of the Nervous System, London: Bailliére 31. Riese, W.: Principles of Neurology in the Light of History and Their Present Use , Nervous and Mental Disease Monographs, New York, 1950, p. 97. 32. Iwama, K., and Jasper, H. H.: The Action of Gamma Amino Butyric Acid Upon Cortical Electrical Activity in the Cat , J Physiol (London) 138:365-380, 1957. 33. Jackson, John Hughlings: Selected Writings , New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1958, vol 1. 34. Jasper, H.: General Summary of Basic Mechanisms of the Epileptic Discharge , Epilepsia (Amst) 11:91-99, 1961. 35. Jefferson, G.: Concerning Focal Seizures Commencing in the Lower Limb , Laval Med 26:4, 1958. 36. Kopeloff, N.; Kopeloff, L. M.; and Pacella, B. L.: " The Experimental Production of Epilepsy in Animals ," in Epilepsy edited by Hoch and Knight, New York: Grune & Stratton, 1947. 37. Liu, C. N., and Chambers, W. W.: Intraspinal Sprouting of Dorsal Root Axons , AMA Arch Neurol Psychiat 79:46-61, 1958.Crossref 38. Loewi, O.: Aspects of the Transmission of the Nervous Impulse , J Mount Sinai Hosp NY 12:851, 1945. 39. Martini, E., and Torda, C.: Der Cholinesterasegehalt des Rückenmarks , Klin Wschr 17:98-99, 1938.Crossref 40. McCouch, G. P.; Austin, G. M.; Liu, C. N.; and Liu, C. Y.: Sprouting as a Cause of Spasticity , J Neurophysiol (London) 21:205-216, 1958. 41. Morrell, F.; Torres, F.; Sandler, B.; Ross, G.; and Osterberg, K.: Excitability of the Mirror Focus, Report to American Electroencephalographic Society Meeting, Atlantic City, NJ, June, 1959. 42. Murray, J. G., and Thompson, J. W.: The Occurrence and Function of Collateral Sprouting in the Sympathetic Nervous System of the Cat , J Physiol (London) 135:133-162, 1957. 43. Obrador, S.: Excitability Changes in Cortical Motor Neurones Induced by Partial Isolation, read before the International Physiological Congress, Oxford, 1949. 44. Pacella, B. L.; Kopeloff, L. M,; and Kopeloff, N.: Electroencephalographic Studies on Induced and Excised Epileptogenic Foci in Monkeys , Arch Neurol Psychiat 58:693-703, 1947.Crossref 45. Paenfield, W., and Jasper, H.: Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain , Boston: Little, Brown & Co, 1954. 46. Phillips, C. G.: Intracellular Records from Betz Cells in Cat , Quart J Exp Physiol 41:58-69, 1956. 47. Phillips, C. G.: Cortical Motor Threshold and Thresholds and Distribution of Excited Betz Cells in Cat , Quart J Exp Physiol 41:70-84, 1956. 48. Phillips, C. G.: Actions of Antidromic Pyramidal Volleys on Single Betz Cells in the Cat , Quart J Exp Physiol 44:1-25, 1959. 49. Pope, A.; Morris, A.; Jasper, H. H.; Elliott, K. A. C.; and Penfield, W.: Histochemical and Action Potential Studies on Epileptogenic Areas of Cerebral Cortex in Man and the Monkey , Ass Res Nerv Dis Proc 26:218-233, 1947. 50. Purpura, D. P., and Grundfest, H.: Nature of Dendritic Potentials and Synaptic Mechanisms in Cat Cerebral Cortex , J Neurophysiol 19:573, 1956. 51. Purpura, D. P.; Girado, M.; and Grundfest, H.: Selective Blockade of Excitatory Synapses in the Cat Brain by Gamma Amino Butyric Acid , Science , 125:1200-1202, 1957.Crossref 52. Purpura, D. P., and Housepian, E. M.: Physiological Consequences of Axon-Collateral Proliferation in Isolated Immature Neocortex , Fed Proc 20:333, 1961. 53. Renshaw, B.: Central Effects of Centripetal Impulses in Azons of Spinal Ventral Roots , J Neurophysiol (London) 1:191-204, 1946. 54. Sharpless, Seth K., and Halpern, Lawrence M.: The Electrical Excitability of Chronically Isolated Cortex Studied by Means of Permanently Implanted Electrodes , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 14:244-255, 1962.Crossref 55. Simeone, F. A.: The Effect of the Regeneration of the Nerve Supply on the Sensitivity of the Denervated Nictitating Membrane to Adrenine , Amer J Physiol 120:466-474, 1937. 56. Smith, D. C.: The Effect of Denervation Upon the Response to Adrenalin in the Isolated Fish Scale Melanophore , Amer J Physiol 132:245-248, 1941. 57. Spiegel, E. A., and Szekely, E. G.: Supersensitivity of the Sensory Cortex Following Partial Deafferentation , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 7:375-381, 1955.Crossref 58. Stavraky, G. W.: Supersensitivity Following Lesions of The Nervous System , Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1961. 59. Symonds, C.: Excitation and Inhibition in Epilepsy , Brain 82:133-146, 1959.Crossref 60. Tarlov, I. M.: Personal communication to the author, 1962. 61. Thesleff, S.: Effect of Motor Innervation on the Chemical Sensitivity of Skeletal Muscle , Physiol Rev 40:734, 1960. 62. Tower, D. B., and Elliott, K. A. C.: Activity of Acetylcholine System in Human Epileptogenic Focus , J Appl Physiol 4:669-676, 1952. 63. Tower, Donald B.: Neurochemistry of Epilepsy , Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas, Publisher, 1960. 64. Walker, A. E., and Johnson, H. C.: Normal and Pathological After-Discharge From Frontal Cortex , Ass Res Nerv Ment Dis Proc 27:460-473, 1947. 65. Ward, A. A., Jr.: The Epileptic Neurone , Epilepsia (Amst) 2:70-80, 1961.Crossref 66. White, J. G.; Eidelberg, E., and French, J. D.: Experimental Assessment of Epileptogenesis in the monkey cerebral cortex , Arch Neurol 2:384-390, 1960.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Neurology American Medical Association

Epileptiform Seizures From Chronic Isolated Cortex

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American Medical Association
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Copyright © 1963 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
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0003-9942
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1538-3687
DOI
10.1001/archneur.1963.00460080064009
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Abstract

Abstract The present experiments are concerned with further evidence of the epileptogenic properties of chronic partially isolated (denervated) monkey cerebral cortex. Marshall Hall29 in 1841 remarked, "The first effect of injury done to the nervous system is a diminution of its functions; whilst the second or ulterior effect is the augmentation of those functions." In 1880 Claude Bernard3 stated, "The excitability of all tissues seems to augment when they are separated from the nervous influences which dominate them." In subsequent years there followed a wide series of observations, largely on excitable peripheral structures, confirming and expanding the opinions of Hall and Bernard. In 1939 Cannon,9 in his Hughlings Jackson lecture at the Montreal Neurological Institute, presented his Law of Denervation as follows: "When in a series of efferent neurones a unit is destroyed an increased irritability to chemical agents develops in the isolated structure or structures, the effects References 1. When the word "isolated" is used in quotation marks it refers to chronic partially neuronally isolated cerebral cortex. 2. Adams, J. E., Aird, R. B., and Garoutte, W.: Fluid and Electrolyte Exchange in Brain in Experimental Convulsions , Trans Amer Neurol Ass 77:34-38, 1952. 3. Ajmone-Marsan, C.: Electrographic Aspects of "Epileptic" Neuronal Aggregates , Epilepsia (Amst) 2:22-38, 1961.Crossref 4. Bernard, C. Leçons de pathologie expérimentale , Paris, 1880. 5. Bradley, K.; Easton, D. M.; and Eccles, J. C.: An Investigation of Primary or Direct Inhibition , J Physiol (London) 122:474-488, 1953. 6. Brücke, F. T.: The Cholinesterase in Sympathetic Ganglia , J Physiol (London) 89:429-437, 1937. 7. Burns, B. D.: Some Properties of the Cat's Isolated Cerebral Cortex in the Unanaesthetized Cat , J Physiol (London) 111:50-68, 1950. 8. Burns, B. D.: The Mammalian Cerebral Cortex , Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, Company, 1958. 9. Cajal, R. Y.: Degeneration and Regeneration of the Nervous System , translated by R. M. May, New York: Hafner, 1959. 10. Cannon, W. B.: A Law of Denervation , Amer J Med Sci 108:731-740, 1939. 11. Cannon, W. B., and Rosenblueth, A.: The Supersensitivity of Denervated Structures: A Law of Denervation , New York: The Macmillan Company, 1949. 12. Couteaux, R., and Nachmansohn, D.: Changes of Cholinesterase at End Plates of Voluntary Muscle Following Section of Sciatic Nerve , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 43:177-181, 1940.Crossref 13. Eccles, J. C.: The Physiology of Nerve Cells , Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1957. 14. Eccles, J. C.; Fatt, P.; and Koketsu, K.: Cholinergic and Inhibitory Synapses in a Pathway from Motor-Axon Collaterals to Motoneurones , J Physiol (London) 126:524-562, 1954. 15. Echlin, F. A.: The Supersensitivity of Chronically "Isolated" Cerebral Cortex as a Mechanism in Focal Epilepsy , Electroenceph Clin Neuro-Physiol 11:697-722, 1959.Crossref 16. Echlin, F. A.; Arnett, V.; and Zoll, J.: Paroxysmal High Voltage Discharges From Isolated and Partially Isolated Human and Animal Cerebral Cortex , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 4:147-164, 1952.Crossref 17. Echlin, F. A., and McDonald, J.: The Supersensitivity of Chronically Isolated Cerebral Cortex as a Mechanism in Focal Cortical Epilepsy , Trans Amer Neurol Ass 79:75-79, 1954. 18. Echlin, F. A., and Battista, A.: Chronic Partial "Isolation" of Cerebral Cortex as a Basic Cause of Focal Epilepsy , Trans Amer Neurol Ass 85:208, 1960. 19. Echlin, F. A., and Battista, A.: Epileptic Seizures Originating in Chronic Partially Isolated Cerebral Cortex Following Peripheral Nerve Stimulation , Trans Amer Neurol Ass 86:209, 1961. 20. Echlin, F. A., and Battista, A.: Regional Differences in Epileptiform Electrical Response of the Unanesthetized Cerebral Cortex to Acetylcholine , Neurology (Minneap) 12:551-559, 1962.Crossref 21. Echlin, F. A., and Battista, A.: Decreased Cholinesterase in Supersensitive Epileptogenic Chronically "Isolated" Cerebral Cortex , Trans Amer Neurol Ass 87, 1962. 22. Eidelberg, E.; Konigsmark, B.; and French, J. D.: Electrocortical Manifestations of Epilepsy in Monkey , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 11:121-128, 1959.Crossref 23. Eidelberg, E., and French, J. D.: Dendritic Mechanisms , Epilepsia (Amst) 2:39-41, 1961.Crossref 24. Erickson, T. C.: Spread of the Epileptic Discharge: An Experimental Study of the After-Discharge Induced by Electrical Stimulation of the Cerebral Cortex , Arch Neurol Psychiat 43:429-452, 1940.Crossref 25. French, J. D.; Gernandt, B. D.; and Livingston, R. B.: Regional Differences in Seizure Susceptibility in Monkey Cortex , AMA Arch Neurol Psychiat 75:260-274, 1956.Crossref 26. Franken, L.: Contribution á l'étude expérimentale des phénoménes de sensibilisation par dénervation au niveau de l'ecorce cérébrale, thése presentée á la Faculté de Medicine de l'Université de Bruxelles, 1960. 27. Gelfan, S., and Tarlov, I. M.: Interneurones and Rigidity of Spinal Origin , J Physiol (London) 146:594-617, 1959. 28. Gibbs, F. A., and Gibbs, E. L.: Atlas of Electroencephalography , Cambridge, Mass: Addison-Wesley Press, 1952. 29. Grafstein, B., and Sastry, P. B.: Some Preliminary Electrophysiological Studies on Chronic Neuronally Isolated Cerebral Cortex , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 9:723, 1957.Crossref 30. Hall, M.: On the Diseases and Derangements of the Nervous System, London: Bailliére 31. Riese, W.: Principles of Neurology in the Light of History and Their Present Use , Nervous and Mental Disease Monographs, New York, 1950, p. 97. 32. Iwama, K., and Jasper, H. H.: The Action of Gamma Amino Butyric Acid Upon Cortical Electrical Activity in the Cat , J Physiol (London) 138:365-380, 1957. 33. Jackson, John Hughlings: Selected Writings , New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1958, vol 1. 34. Jasper, H.: General Summary of Basic Mechanisms of the Epileptic Discharge , Epilepsia (Amst) 11:91-99, 1961. 35. Jefferson, G.: Concerning Focal Seizures Commencing in the Lower Limb , Laval Med 26:4, 1958. 36. Kopeloff, N.; Kopeloff, L. M.; and Pacella, B. L.: " The Experimental Production of Epilepsy in Animals ," in Epilepsy edited by Hoch and Knight, New York: Grune & Stratton, 1947. 37. Liu, C. N., and Chambers, W. W.: Intraspinal Sprouting of Dorsal Root Axons , AMA Arch Neurol Psychiat 79:46-61, 1958.Crossref 38. Loewi, O.: Aspects of the Transmission of the Nervous Impulse , J Mount Sinai Hosp NY 12:851, 1945. 39. Martini, E., and Torda, C.: Der Cholinesterasegehalt des Rückenmarks , Klin Wschr 17:98-99, 1938.Crossref 40. McCouch, G. P.; Austin, G. M.; Liu, C. N.; and Liu, C. Y.: Sprouting as a Cause of Spasticity , J Neurophysiol (London) 21:205-216, 1958. 41. Morrell, F.; Torres, F.; Sandler, B.; Ross, G.; and Osterberg, K.: Excitability of the Mirror Focus, Report to American Electroencephalographic Society Meeting, Atlantic City, NJ, June, 1959. 42. Murray, J. G., and Thompson, J. W.: The Occurrence and Function of Collateral Sprouting in the Sympathetic Nervous System of the Cat , J Physiol (London) 135:133-162, 1957. 43. Obrador, S.: Excitability Changes in Cortical Motor Neurones Induced by Partial Isolation, read before the International Physiological Congress, Oxford, 1949. 44. Pacella, B. L.; Kopeloff, L. M,; and Kopeloff, N.: Electroencephalographic Studies on Induced and Excised Epileptogenic Foci in Monkeys , Arch Neurol Psychiat 58:693-703, 1947.Crossref 45. Paenfield, W., and Jasper, H.: Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain , Boston: Little, Brown & Co, 1954. 46. Phillips, C. G.: Intracellular Records from Betz Cells in Cat , Quart J Exp Physiol 41:58-69, 1956. 47. Phillips, C. G.: Cortical Motor Threshold and Thresholds and Distribution of Excited Betz Cells in Cat , Quart J Exp Physiol 41:70-84, 1956. 48. Phillips, C. G.: Actions of Antidromic Pyramidal Volleys on Single Betz Cells in the Cat , Quart J Exp Physiol 44:1-25, 1959. 49. Pope, A.; Morris, A.; Jasper, H. H.; Elliott, K. A. C.; and Penfield, W.: Histochemical and Action Potential Studies on Epileptogenic Areas of Cerebral Cortex in Man and the Monkey , Ass Res Nerv Dis Proc 26:218-233, 1947. 50. Purpura, D. P., and Grundfest, H.: Nature of Dendritic Potentials and Synaptic Mechanisms in Cat Cerebral Cortex , J Neurophysiol 19:573, 1956. 51. Purpura, D. P.; Girado, M.; and Grundfest, H.: Selective Blockade of Excitatory Synapses in the Cat Brain by Gamma Amino Butyric Acid , Science , 125:1200-1202, 1957.Crossref 52. Purpura, D. P., and Housepian, E. M.: Physiological Consequences of Axon-Collateral Proliferation in Isolated Immature Neocortex , Fed Proc 20:333, 1961. 53. Renshaw, B.: Central Effects of Centripetal Impulses in Azons of Spinal Ventral Roots , J Neurophysiol (London) 1:191-204, 1946. 54. Sharpless, Seth K., and Halpern, Lawrence M.: The Electrical Excitability of Chronically Isolated Cortex Studied by Means of Permanently Implanted Electrodes , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 14:244-255, 1962.Crossref 55. Simeone, F. A.: The Effect of the Regeneration of the Nerve Supply on the Sensitivity of the Denervated Nictitating Membrane to Adrenine , Amer J Physiol 120:466-474, 1937. 56. Smith, D. C.: The Effect of Denervation Upon the Response to Adrenalin in the Isolated Fish Scale Melanophore , Amer J Physiol 132:245-248, 1941. 57. Spiegel, E. A., and Szekely, E. G.: Supersensitivity of the Sensory Cortex Following Partial Deafferentation , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 7:375-381, 1955.Crossref 58. Stavraky, G. W.: Supersensitivity Following Lesions of The Nervous System , Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1961. 59. Symonds, C.: Excitation and Inhibition in Epilepsy , Brain 82:133-146, 1959.Crossref 60. Tarlov, I. M.: Personal communication to the author, 1962. 61. Thesleff, S.: Effect of Motor Innervation on the Chemical Sensitivity of Skeletal Muscle , Physiol Rev 40:734, 1960. 62. Tower, D. B., and Elliott, K. A. C.: Activity of Acetylcholine System in Human Epileptogenic Focus , J Appl Physiol 4:669-676, 1952. 63. Tower, Donald B.: Neurochemistry of Epilepsy , Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas, Publisher, 1960. 64. Walker, A. E., and Johnson, H. C.: Normal and Pathological After-Discharge From Frontal Cortex , Ass Res Nerv Ment Dis Proc 27:460-473, 1947. 65. Ward, A. A., Jr.: The Epileptic Neurone , Epilepsia (Amst) 2:70-80, 1961.Crossref 66. White, J. G.; Eidelberg, E., and French, J. D.: Experimental Assessment of Epileptogenesis in the monkey cerebral cortex , Arch Neurol 2:384-390, 1960.Crossref

Journal

Archives of Neurology – American Medical Association

Published: Aug 1, 1963

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