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Antibodies to Nipah or Nipah-like Viruses in Bats, China

Antibodies to Nipah or Nipah-like Viruses in Bats, China LETTERS 8. Norman AF, Regnery PL, Jameson P, Acknowledgments na. Serum, pharyngeal, and fecal swab Greene C, Krause DC. Differentiation of We thank Brad Biggerstaff and Becky samples were collected and stored as Bartonella-like isolates at the species level Eisen for statistical analyses used in this described previously (10). An ELISA by PCR-restriction fragment length poly- study. S.E.K. was supported by The Oak was developed to detect antibodies morphism in the citrate synthase gene. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:1797–803. Ridge Institute for Science and Education. to the NiV nucleocapsid (N) and at- 9. Kettle DS, editor. Medical and veterinary tachment glycoprotein (G) proteins. entomology. 2nd ed. Wallingford (MA): For confi rmation, ELISA-positive Cherilyn Sackal, CABI Publishing; 1995. samples were tested by using West- 10. Bitam I, Parola P, De La Cruz K, Matsu- Anne Laudisoit, Michael Kosoy, moto K, Bazia B, Rolain JM, et al. First ern blot against a recombinant NiV G Robert Massung, molecular detection of Rickettsia felis in fragment (aa 71–193) fused with the Marina E. Eremeeva, fl eas from Algeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. maltose-binding protein. Virus neu- Sandor E. Karpathy, 2006;74:532–5. tralization tests were conducted with Kristen Van Wyk, live NiV and HeV under Biosaftey Address for correspondence: Nordin S. Zeidner, Elizabeth Gabitzsch, Level 4 containment in Australia. In Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Nordin S. Zeidner addition, a surrogate neutralization Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Author affi liations: Centers for Disease test was developed by using recom- 3150 Rampart Rd, Foothills Campus, Fort Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colo- binant env HIV-1, pseudotyped with Collins, CO 80521, USA; email: naz2@ rado, USA (C. Sackal, M. Kosoy, K. Van NiV G and F. RNA was extracted by cdc.gov Wyk, N. Zeidner); University of Antwerp, using the QIA amp Viral RNA Mini Antwerp, Belgium ( A. Laudisoit); Univer- Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). sity of Liege, Liege, Belgium (A. Laudisoit); Reverse transcription–PCR (RT-PCR) Centers for Disease Control and Preven- was performed by using primers tion, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (R. Massung, against the NiV N gene as described M.E. Eremeeva, S.E. Karpathy); and previously (3). Etubics Corporation, Seattle, Washington, In total, 692 bat serum specimens USA (E. Gabitzsch) Antibodies to Nipah were screened for antibody to NiV N DOI: 10.3201/eid1412.080610 or G protein (or both) by ELISA, and or Nipah-like 33 were positive (online Appendix Ta- Viruses in Bats, References ble, available from www.cdc.gov/EID/ China content/14/12/1974-appT.htm). These 1. Parola P, Davoust B, Raoult D. Tick and specimens were from 9 of the 23 bat fl ea-borne rickettsial emerging zoonoses. To the Editor: Hendra virus Vet Res. 2005;36:469–92. DOI: 10.1051/ species examined in this study. Of the (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV), the only vetres:2005004 33 serum samples reactive in ELISA, known members of the genus Henipa- 2. Perez-Osorio CE, Zavala-Velazquez JE, 25 with suffi cient quantity left were Leon JJ, Zavala-Castro J. Rickettsia fe- virus, are 2 emerging paramyxovirus- further tested by Western blot, and lis as emergent global threat for humans. es that are highly pathogenic in a va- Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:1019–22. DOI: 17 of 25 serum samples were reactive riety of vertebrate animals, including 10.3201/eid1407.071656 with MBP-NiV G fusion fragment, humans (1). Since the initial discovery 3. Schmidt A., editor. Contributions to mi- but not with the control MBP. None crobiology. Basel (Switzerland): Karger; of the viruses in Australia and Ma- of the samples inhibited entry of NiV laysia (2,3), sporadic HeV outbreaks 4. Koehler JE. Bartonella infections. Adv F/G-pseudotyped virus or neutralized have been reported from 1995 to 2007 Pediatr Infect Dis. 1996;11:1–27. either HeV or NiV. No NiV-specifi c in Australia (4), and regular NiV out- 5. Schwartzman W. Bartonella (Roch- RNA was detected by RT-PCR among alimaea) infections: beyond cat scratch. breaks have occurred in Bangladesh 479 fecal swab samples and 67 throat Annu Rev Med. 1996;47:355–64. DOI: (5) and India (6). Numerous frugivo- 10.1146/annurev.med.47.1.355 swab samples tested; therefore, virus rous bat species (genus Pteropus), 6. Chanteau S, Rahalison L, Ralafi arisoa L, isolation was not attempted. and some insectivous bat species have Foulon J, Ratsitorahina M, Ratsifasoama- This study systematically inves- nana L, et al. Development and testing of a been found to be reservoir hosts of tigated NiV presence among bats in rapid diagnostic test for bubonic and pneu- henipaviruses in Australia and Asian monic plague. Lancet. 2003;361:211–6. China. The detection of henipavirus countries (7–9). DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12270-2 antibody suggests that several bat spe- In this study conducted during 7. Laudisoit A, Leirs H, Makundi RH, Van cies have been exposed to NiV or a Dongen S, Davis S, Neerinckx S, et al. 2004–2007, bats were trapped within closely related virus. The prevalence Plague and the human fl ea, Tanzania. their natural habitat from 10 provinces Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:687–93. of antibody was especially prominent in mainland People’s Republic of Chi- among Myotis species from Yunnan 1974 Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 14, No. 12, December 2008 LETTERS Province. Antibody was detected in to amplify NiV sequences may have Health grant AI057168 (C.C.B.), and the samples from 3 of 4 Myotis species been attributable to the viral RNA pres- East Asia and Pacifi c Summer Institutes captured in the same location in 2006 ent among these samples being below program administered by the United States and 2007. A relatively high prevalence the threshold of detection in our assay National Science Foundation (A.C.H). of henipavirus antibody was also or to the absence of infection in the found among Rousettus leschenaul- population at the time of sampling. In Yan Li, Jianmin Wang, tia samples from Hainan Province in addition, the primers used in the PCR Andrew C. Hickey, 2007. Notably, Yunnan and Hainan may target regions of the NiV N pro- Yunzhi Zhang, Yuchun Li, are both located in southern China. tein that exhibit substantial sequence Yi Wu, Huajun Zhang, Although pteropid bats are not found divergence in a Nipah-like virus. Junfa Yuan, Zhenggang Han, in China, these data suggest henipavi- Bat species in the genera Rouset- Jennifer McEachern, ruses could be introduced into China tus, Myotis, Miniopterus, and Hippo- Christopher C. Broder, by other susceptible bat species that sideros naturally reside in trees, build- Lin-Fa Wang, and Zhengli Shi overlap their habitat with pteropid bats ings, and caves that can be in close Author affi liations: State Key Laboratory of in neighboring countries. proximity to human residential areas, Virology–Chinese Academy of Sciences, Several possibilities may ex- which increases the potential of trans- Wuhan, People’s Republic of China (Y. plain the failure to detect neutral- mission of zoonotic pathogens from Li, J. Wang, Y. Zhang, H. Zhang, J. Yuan, izing antibodies. One might be the bats to humans. The increased risk Z. Han, Z. Shi); Uniformed Services Uni- unique immune response among those for these zoonotic infections to spread versity, Bethesda, Maryland, USA (A.C. nonpteropid bats, which results in a from bats to humans in areas of co- Hickey, C.C. Broder); Yunnan Institute of low level of neutralizing antibodies habitation is best illustrated by the re- Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, that are diffi cult to detect in the cur- peated spillover events involving NiV Dali, People’s Republic of China (Y. Zhang); rent assay systems. Alternatively, and in Bangladesh (5). Given the present Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai, perhaps more likely, >1 Nipah-like vi- initial evidence of exposure among People’s Republic of China (Y. Li); Univer- ruses could be circulating among the bats in mainland China shown here, sity of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, People’s bat populations sampled in this study, there is an urgent need to continue and Republic of China (Y. Wu); and Common- producing antibodies that cross-react expand surveillance studies for heni- wealth Scientifi c and Industrial Research with, but do not neutralize, the proto- paviruses in China and elsewhere on Organisation Livestock Industries, Gee- type Malaysian NiV virus isolate. This the Asian continent. long, Victoria, Australia (J. McCachern, phenomenon has been observed previ- L.-F. Wang) ously by our group for severe acute This work was jointly funded by DOI: 10.3201/eid1412.080359 respiratory syndrome (SARS)–like State Key Program for Basic Research viruses in horseshoe bats, whose sera grant 2005CB523004 from the Chinese References cross-reacted with, but did not neutral- Ministry of Science and Technology, the ize, the SARS virus in humans (10). 1. Eaton BT, Mackenzie JS, Wang LF. He- Knowledge Innovation Program Key Proj- Obtaining serologic evidence of nipaviruses. In: Knipe DM, Griffi n DE, ect administered by the Chinese Academy viruses in bat populations is typically Lamb RA, Straus SE, Howley PM, Mar- of Sciences (KSCX1-YW-R-07), the Aus- tin MA, et al., editors. Fields virology. 5th more successful as a screening tool tralian Biosecurity Cooperative Research ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & than either nucleic acid based assays Wilkins; 2007. p. 1587–1600. Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, or virus isolation; this is likely attrib- 2. Murray K, Selleck P, Hooper P, Hyatt A, Project 1.026RE (L.-F. W.), The Middle utable to the often low-level of virus Gould A, Gleeson L, et al. A morbillivi- Atlantic Regional Center of Excellence rus that caused fatal disease in horses and replication, the transient nature of the for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious humans. Science. 1995;268:94–7. DOI: infection in bats, or both. The inability 10.1126/science.7701348 Disease Research, National Institutes of Erratum—Vol. 14, No. 9 The article Obligations to Report Outbreaks of Food- Organization (WHO). The correct proportion is 6 (43%) of 14 borne Disease under the International Health Regulations outbreaks that would have required notifi cation to the WHO. (2005) (M.D. Kirk et al.) contained incorrect fi gures in the ab- The article has been corrected online (www.cdc.gov/eid/ stract and conclusion. The text stated that 7 (50%) of 14 out- content/14/9/1440.htm). breaks would have required notifi cation to the World Health Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 14, No. 12, December 2008 1975 LETTERS 3. Chua KB, Bellini WJ, Rota PA, Harcourt 6. Chadha MS, Comer JA, Lowe L, Rota PA, 10. Li W, Shi Z, Yu M, Ren W, Smith C, BH, Tamin A, Lam SK, et al. Nipah virus: Rollin PE, Bellini WJ, et al. Nipah virus– Epstein JH, et al. Bats are natural reser- a recently emergent deadly paramyxo- associated encephalitis outbreak, Siliguri, voirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Sci- virus. Science. 2000;288:1432–5. DOI: India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:235–40. ence. 2005;310:676–9. DOI: 10.1126/ 10.1126/science.288.5470.1432 7. Yob JM, Field H, Rashdi AM, Morrissy science.1118391 4. Field HE, Breed AC, Shield J, Hedlefs C, van der Heide B, Rota P, et al. Nipah RM, Pittard K, Pott B, et al. Epidemiologi- virus infection in bats (order Chiroptera) Address for correspondence. Zhengli Shi, State cal perspectives on Hendra virus infection in peninsular Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis. Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute in horses and fl ying foxes. Aust Vet J. 2001;7:439–41. of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2007;85:268–70. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751- 8. Reynes JM, Counor D, Ong S, Faure C, 0813.2007.00170.x Seng V, Molia S, et al. Nipah virus in Wuhan, Hubei 430071, People’s Republic of 5. Epstein JH, Field HE, Luby S, Pulliam Lyle’s fl ying foxes, Cambodia. Emerg In- China; email: [email protected] JR, Daszak P. Nipah virus: impact, ori- fect Dis. 2005;11:1042–7. gins, and causes of emergence. Curr Infect 9. Wacharapluesadee S, Lumlertdacha B, Dis Rep. 2006;8:59–65. DOI: 10.1007/ Boongird K, Wanghongsa S, Chanhome s11908-006-0036-2 L, Rollin P, et al. Bat Nipah virus, Thai- land. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1949–51. Search past Issues 1976 Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 14, No. 12, December 2008 http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Emerging Infectious Diseases Pubmed Central

Antibodies to Nipah or Nipah-like Viruses in Bats, China

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LETTERS 8. Norman AF, Regnery PL, Jameson P, Acknowledgments na. Serum, pharyngeal, and fecal swab Greene C, Krause DC. Differentiation of We thank Brad Biggerstaff and Becky samples were collected and stored as Bartonella-like isolates at the species level Eisen for statistical analyses used in this described previously (10). An ELISA by PCR-restriction fragment length poly- study. S.E.K. was supported by The Oak was developed to detect antibodies morphism in the citrate synthase gene. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:1797–803. Ridge Institute for Science and Education. to the NiV nucleocapsid (N) and at- 9. Kettle DS, editor. Medical and veterinary tachment glycoprotein (G) proteins. entomology. 2nd ed. Wallingford (MA): For confi rmation, ELISA-positive Cherilyn Sackal, CABI Publishing; 1995. samples were tested by using West- 10. Bitam I, Parola P, De La Cruz K, Matsu- Anne Laudisoit, Michael Kosoy, moto K, Bazia B, Rolain JM, et al. First ern blot against a recombinant NiV G Robert Massung, molecular detection of Rickettsia felis in fragment (aa 71–193) fused with the Marina E. Eremeeva, fl eas from Algeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. maltose-binding protein. Virus neu- Sandor E. Karpathy, 2006;74:532–5. tralization tests were conducted with Kristen Van Wyk, live NiV and HeV under Biosaftey Address for correspondence: Nordin S. Zeidner, Elizabeth Gabitzsch, Level 4 containment in Australia. In Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Nordin S. Zeidner addition, a surrogate neutralization Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Author affi liations: Centers for Disease test was developed by using recom- 3150 Rampart Rd, Foothills Campus, Fort Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colo- binant env HIV-1, pseudotyped with Collins, CO 80521, USA; email: naz2@ rado, USA (C. Sackal, M. Kosoy, K. Van NiV G and F. RNA was extracted by cdc.gov Wyk, N. Zeidner); University of Antwerp, using the QIA amp Viral RNA Mini Antwerp, Belgium ( A. Laudisoit); Univer- Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). sity of Liege, Liege, Belgium (A. Laudisoit); Reverse transcription–PCR (RT-PCR) Centers for Disease Control and Preven- was performed by using primers tion, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (R. Massung, against the NiV N gene as described M.E. Eremeeva, S.E. Karpathy); and previously (3). Etubics Corporation, Seattle, Washington, In total, 692 bat serum specimens USA (E. Gabitzsch) Antibodies to Nipah were screened for antibody to NiV N DOI: 10.3201/eid1412.080610 or G protein (or both) by ELISA, and or Nipah-like 33 were positive (online Appendix Ta- Viruses in Bats, References ble, available from www.cdc.gov/EID/ China content/14/12/1974-appT.htm). These 1. Parola P, Davoust B, Raoult D. Tick and specimens were from 9 of the 23 bat fl ea-borne rickettsial emerging zoonoses. To the Editor: Hendra virus Vet Res. 2005;36:469–92. DOI: 10.1051/ species examined in this study. Of the (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV), the only vetres:2005004 33 serum samples reactive in ELISA, known members of the genus Henipa- 2. Perez-Osorio CE, Zavala-Velazquez JE, 25 with suffi cient quantity left were Leon JJ, Zavala-Castro J. Rickettsia fe- virus, are 2 emerging paramyxovirus- further tested by Western blot, and lis as emergent global threat for humans. es that are highly pathogenic in a va- Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:1019–22. DOI: 17 of 25 serum samples were reactive riety of vertebrate animals, including 10.3201/eid1407.071656 with MBP-NiV G fusion fragment, humans (1). Since the initial discovery 3. Schmidt A., editor. Contributions to mi- but not with the control MBP. None crobiology. Basel (Switzerland): Karger; of the viruses in Australia and Ma- of the samples inhibited entry of NiV laysia (2,3), sporadic HeV outbreaks 4. Koehler JE. Bartonella infections. Adv F/G-pseudotyped virus or neutralized have been reported from 1995 to 2007 Pediatr Infect Dis. 1996;11:1–27. either HeV or NiV. No NiV-specifi c in Australia (4), and regular NiV out- 5. Schwartzman W. Bartonella (Roch- RNA was detected by RT-PCR among alimaea) infections: beyond cat scratch. breaks have occurred in Bangladesh 479 fecal swab samples and 67 throat Annu Rev Med. 1996;47:355–64. DOI: (5) and India (6). Numerous frugivo- 10.1146/annurev.med.47.1.355 swab samples tested; therefore, virus rous bat species (genus Pteropus), 6. Chanteau S, Rahalison L, Ralafi arisoa L, isolation was not attempted. and some insectivous bat species have Foulon J, Ratsitorahina M, Ratsifasoama- This study systematically inves- nana L, et al. Development and testing of a been found to be reservoir hosts of tigated NiV presence among bats in rapid diagnostic test for bubonic and pneu- henipaviruses in Australia and Asian monic plague. Lancet. 2003;361:211–6. China. The detection of henipavirus countries (7–9). DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12270-2 antibody suggests that several bat spe- In this study conducted during 7. Laudisoit A, Leirs H, Makundi RH, Van cies have been exposed to NiV or a Dongen S, Davis S, Neerinckx S, et al. 2004–2007, bats were trapped within closely related virus. The prevalence Plague and the human fl ea, Tanzania. their natural habitat from 10 provinces Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:687–93. of antibody was especially prominent in mainland People’s Republic of Chi- among Myotis species from Yunnan 1974 Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 14, No. 12, December 2008 LETTERS Province. Antibody was detected in to amplify NiV sequences may have Health grant AI057168 (C.C.B.), and the samples from 3 of 4 Myotis species been attributable to the viral RNA pres- East Asia and Pacifi c Summer Institutes captured in the same location in 2006 ent among these samples being below program administered by the United States and 2007. A relatively high prevalence the threshold of detection in our assay National Science Foundation (A.C.H). of henipavirus antibody was also or to the absence of infection in the found among Rousettus leschenaul- population at the time of sampling. In Yan Li, Jianmin Wang, tia samples from Hainan Province in addition, the primers used in the PCR Andrew C. Hickey, 2007. Notably, Yunnan and Hainan may target regions of the NiV N pro- Yunzhi Zhang, Yuchun Li, are both located in southern China. tein that exhibit substantial sequence Yi Wu, Huajun Zhang, Although pteropid bats are not found divergence in a Nipah-like virus. Junfa Yuan, Zhenggang Han, in China, these data suggest henipavi- Bat species in the genera Rouset- Jennifer McEachern, ruses could be introduced into China tus, Myotis, Miniopterus, and Hippo- Christopher C. Broder, by other susceptible bat species that sideros naturally reside in trees, build- Lin-Fa Wang, and Zhengli Shi overlap their habitat with pteropid bats ings, and caves that can be in close Author affi liations: State Key Laboratory of in neighboring countries. proximity to human residential areas, Virology–Chinese Academy of Sciences, Several possibilities may ex- which increases the potential of trans- Wuhan, People’s Republic of China (Y. plain the failure to detect neutral- mission of zoonotic pathogens from Li, J. Wang, Y. Zhang, H. Zhang, J. Yuan, izing antibodies. One might be the bats to humans. The increased risk Z. Han, Z. Shi); Uniformed Services Uni- unique immune response among those for these zoonotic infections to spread versity, Bethesda, Maryland, USA (A.C. nonpteropid bats, which results in a from bats to humans in areas of co- Hickey, C.C. Broder); Yunnan Institute of low level of neutralizing antibodies habitation is best illustrated by the re- Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, that are diffi cult to detect in the cur- peated spillover events involving NiV Dali, People’s Republic of China (Y. Zhang); rent assay systems. Alternatively, and in Bangladesh (5). Given the present Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai, perhaps more likely, >1 Nipah-like vi- initial evidence of exposure among People’s Republic of China (Y. Li); Univer- ruses could be circulating among the bats in mainland China shown here, sity of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, People’s bat populations sampled in this study, there is an urgent need to continue and Republic of China (Y. Wu); and Common- producing antibodies that cross-react expand surveillance studies for heni- wealth Scientifi c and Industrial Research with, but do not neutralize, the proto- paviruses in China and elsewhere on Organisation Livestock Industries, Gee- type Malaysian NiV virus isolate. This the Asian continent. long, Victoria, Australia (J. McCachern, phenomenon has been observed previ- L.-F. Wang) ously by our group for severe acute This work was jointly funded by DOI: 10.3201/eid1412.080359 respiratory syndrome (SARS)–like State Key Program for Basic Research viruses in horseshoe bats, whose sera grant 2005CB523004 from the Chinese References cross-reacted with, but did not neutral- Ministry of Science and Technology, the ize, the SARS virus in humans (10). 1. Eaton BT, Mackenzie JS, Wang LF. He- Knowledge Innovation Program Key Proj- Obtaining serologic evidence of nipaviruses. In: Knipe DM, Griffi n DE, ect administered by the Chinese Academy viruses in bat populations is typically Lamb RA, Straus SE, Howley PM, Mar- of Sciences (KSCX1-YW-R-07), the Aus- tin MA, et al., editors. Fields virology. 5th more successful as a screening tool tralian Biosecurity Cooperative Research ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & than either nucleic acid based assays Wilkins; 2007. p. 1587–1600. Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, or virus isolation; this is likely attrib- 2. Murray K, Selleck P, Hooper P, Hyatt A, Project 1.026RE (L.-F. W.), The Middle utable to the often low-level of virus Gould A, Gleeson L, et al. A morbillivi- Atlantic Regional Center of Excellence rus that caused fatal disease in horses and replication, the transient nature of the for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious humans. Science. 1995;268:94–7. DOI: infection in bats, or both. The inability 10.1126/science.7701348 Disease Research, National Institutes of Erratum—Vol. 14, No. 9 The article Obligations to Report Outbreaks of Food- Organization (WHO). The correct proportion is 6 (43%) of 14 borne Disease under the International Health Regulations outbreaks that would have required notifi cation to the WHO. (2005) (M.D. Kirk et al.) contained incorrect fi gures in the ab- The article has been corrected online (www.cdc.gov/eid/ stract and conclusion. The text stated that 7 (50%) of 14 out- content/14/9/1440.htm). breaks would have required notifi cation to the World Health Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 14, No. 12, December 2008 1975 LETTERS 3. Chua KB, Bellini WJ, Rota PA, Harcourt 6. Chadha MS, Comer JA, Lowe L, Rota PA, 10. Li W, Shi Z, Yu M, Ren W, Smith C, BH, Tamin A, Lam SK, et al. Nipah virus: Rollin PE, Bellini WJ, et al. Nipah virus– Epstein JH, et al. Bats are natural reser- a recently emergent deadly paramyxo- associated encephalitis outbreak, Siliguri, voirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Sci- virus. Science. 2000;288:1432–5. DOI: India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:235–40. ence. 2005;310:676–9. DOI: 10.1126/ 10.1126/science.288.5470.1432 7. Yob JM, Field H, Rashdi AM, Morrissy science.1118391 4. Field HE, Breed AC, Shield J, Hedlefs C, van der Heide B, Rota P, et al. Nipah RM, Pittard K, Pott B, et al. Epidemiologi- virus infection in bats (order Chiroptera) Address for correspondence. Zhengli Shi, State cal perspectives on Hendra virus infection in peninsular Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis. Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute in horses and fl ying foxes. Aust Vet J. 2001;7:439–41. of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2007;85:268–70. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751- 8. Reynes JM, Counor D, Ong S, Faure C, 0813.2007.00170.x Seng V, Molia S, et al. Nipah virus in Wuhan, Hubei 430071, People’s Republic of 5. Epstein JH, Field HE, Luby S, Pulliam Lyle’s fl ying foxes, Cambodia. Emerg In- China; email: [email protected] JR, Daszak P. Nipah virus: impact, ori- fect Dis. 2005;11:1042–7. gins, and causes of emergence. Curr Infect 9. Wacharapluesadee S, Lumlertdacha B, Dis Rep. 2006;8:59–65. DOI: 10.1007/ Boongird K, Wanghongsa S, Chanhome s11908-006-0036-2 L, Rollin P, et al. Bat Nipah virus, Thai- land. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1949–51. Search past Issues 1976 Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 14, No. 12, December 2008

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Published: Dec 1, 2008

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