S. Benson (1965)
III - Bond energiesJournal of Chemical Education, 42
L. Ke, S. Chua, Keran Zhang, Peng Chen (2002)
Bubble formation due to electrical stress in organic light emitting devicesApplied Physics Letters, 80
T. Wakimoto, Yoshinobu Yonemoto, J. Funaki, Masami Tsuchida, Ryuji Murayama, Hitoshi Nakada, H. Matsumoto, S. Yamamura, M. Nomura (1997)
Stability characteristics of quinacridone and coumarin molecules as guest dopants in the organic LEDsSynthetic Metals, 91
Ching‐Ian Chao, K. Chuang, S. Chen (1996)
Failure phenomena and mechanisms of polymeric light‐emitting diodes: Indium–tin–oxide damageApplied Physics Letters, 69
Tswen‐Hsin Liu, Chung-Yeh Iou, Chin Chen (2003)
Doped red organic electroluminescent devices based on a cohost emitter systemApplied Physics Letters, 83
Y. Hamada, H. Kanno, T. Tsujioka, Hisakazu Takahashi, T. Usuki (1999)
Red organic light-emitting diodes using an emitting assist dopantApplied Physics Letters, 75
S. Reineke, G. Schwartz, K. Walzer, K. Leo (2007)
Reduced efficiency roll-off in phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes by suppression of triplet-triplet annihilationApplied Physics Letters, 91
D. Grozea, A. Turak, X. Feng, Zhenghong Lu, D. Johnson, R. Wood (2002)
Chemical structure of Al/LiF/Alq interfaces in organic light-emitting diodesApplied Physics Letters, 81
Koichi Tanaka, Hiroaki Waki, Y. Ido, Satoshi Akita, Yoshikazu Yoshida, Tamio Yoshida, T. Matsuo (1988)
Protein and polymer analyses up to m/z 100 000 by laser ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometryRapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2
R. Pinna, F. Jamme, F. Rutten, Emily Smith, M. Willis, D. Briggs, M. McCoustra (2006)
Towards a fully optimised organic LED device: Analysis of surface synthesis using coupling reactions by ToF-SIMSApplied Surface Science, 252
T. Tsujioka, Y. Hamada, Hisakazu Takahashi (2000)
Operating Current Mode Dependence of Luminescence Properties of Rubrene-doped Yellow Organic Light Emitting DiodesJapanese Journal of Applied Physics, 39
H. Werner, T. Schedel-Niedrig, M. Wohlers, D. Herein, B. Herzog, R. Schlögl, M. Keil, A. Bradshaw, J. Kirschner (1994)
Reaction of molecular oxygen with C60: spectroscopic studiesJournal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, 90
M. Isaacs, Andrew Sykes, S. Ronco (2006)
Synthesis, characterization and photophysical properties of mixed ligand tris(polypyridyl)chromium(III) complexes, [Cr(phen)2L]3+Inorganica Chimica Acta, 359
C. Tang (1997)
An overview of organic electroluminescent materials and devicesJournal of the Society for Information Display, 5
Hiromitsu Tanaka, S. Tokito, Y. Taga, A. Okada (1996)
Novel hole-transporting materials based on triphenylamine for organic electroluminescent devicesChemical Communications
N. Herron, Weiying Gao (2010)
32.3: Advanced Materials for Printed OLED DisplaysSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 41
H. Kanno, Y. Hamada, H. Takahashi (2004)
Development of OLED with high stability and luminance efficiency by co-doping methods for full color displaysIEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 10
Teruichi Watanabe, Kenji Nakamura, Shin Kawami, Yoshinori Fukuda, T. Tsuji, T. Wakimoto, S. Miyaguchi (2001)
Optimization of driving lifetime durability in organic LED devices using Ir complex, 4105
M. Stöel, J. Staudigel, F. Steuber, J. Simmerer, G. Wittmann, A. Kanitz, H. Klausmann, W. Rogler, W. Roth, J. Schumann, A. Winnacker (1999)
Charge injection barrier modification in organic LEDsPhysical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 1
Dongge Ma, Chun‐Sing Lee, Shui-Tong Lee, L. Hung (2002)
Improved efficiency by a graded emissive region in organic light-emitting diodesApplied Physics Letters, 80
Ji Cui, Qinglan Huang, J. Veinot, Henry Yan, Qingwu Wang, G. Hutchison, A. Richter, G. Evmenenko, P. Dutta, T. Marks (2002)
Anode Interfacial Engineering Approaches to Enhancing Anode/Hole Transport Layer Interfacial Stability and Charge Injection Efficiency in Organic Light-Emitting DiodesLangmuir, 18
T. Nakayama, K. Hiyama, K. Furukawa, Hirofumi Ohtani (2007)
19.1: Invited Paper: Development of Phosphorescent White OLED with Extremely High Power Efficiency and Long LifetimeSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 38
A. Marchetti, Terri Haskins, R. Young, L. Rothberg (2014)
Permanent polarization and charge distribution in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs): Insights from near-infrared charge-modulation spectroscopy of an operating OLEDJournal of Applied Physics, 115
Y. Shirota, Y. Kuwabara, H. Inada, T. Wakimoto, Hitoshi Nakada, Yoshinobu Yonemoto, Shin Kawami, Kunio Imai (1994)
Multilayered organic electroluminescent device using a novel starburst molecule, 4,4’,4‘‐tris(3‐methylphenylphenylamino)triphenylamine, as a hole transport materialApplied Physics Letters, 65
V. Choong, Song Shi, J. Curless, C. Shieh, Hsing-Chung Lee, F. So, Jun Shen, Jie Yang (1999)
Organic light-emitting diodes with a bipolar transport layerApplied Physics Letters, 75
M. Murgia, R. Michel, G. Ruani, W. Gebauer, O. Kapousta, R. Zamboni, C. Taliani (1999)
In-situ characterisation of the oxygen induced changes in a UHV grown organic light-emitting diodeSynthetic Metals, 102
I. Moraes, S. Scholz, B. Lüssem, K. Leo (2011)
Role of oxygen-bonds in the degradation process of phosphorescent organic light emitting diodesApplied Physics Letters, 99
J. Birnstock, T. Canzler, M. Hofmann, A. Lux, Sven Murano, P. Wellmann, A. Werner (2007)
30.3: PIN OLEDs — Improved Structures and Materials to Enhance Device Lifetime and Ease Mass ProductionSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 38
W. Begley, T. Hatwar (2006)
P‐190: Novel Electron‐Transporting Layer for Lowering Drive Voltage and Improving the Efficiency of OLED DevicesSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 37
J. Birnstock, G. He, Sven Murano, A. Werner, Olaf Zeika (2008)
54.3: Distinguished Paper: White Stacked OLED with 35 lm/W and 100,000 Hours Lifetime at 1000 cd/m2 for Display and Lighting ApplicationsSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 39
A. Tapponnier, I. Biaggio, P. Günter (2005)
Ultrapure C60 field-effect transistors and the effects of oxygen exposureApplied Physics Letters, 86
M. Hack, M. Weaver, V. Adamovich, R. Kwong, M. Lu, J. Brown (2005)
Status and potential for phosphorescent OLED technology, 5961
T. Hatwar, J. Spindler, W. Begley, D. Giesen, D. Kondakov, S. Slyke, Sven Murano, E. Kuçur, G. He, J. Blochwitz-Nimoth (2009)
35.3: High‐Performance Tandem White OLEDs Using a Li‐Free “P‐N” ConnectorSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 40
R. Meerheim, S. Scholz, S. Olthof, G. Schwartz, S. Reineke, K. Walzer, K. Leo (2008)
Influence of charge balance and exciton distribution on efficiency and lifetime of phosphorescent organic light-emitting devicesJournal of Applied Physics, 104
Jianmin Shi, E. Forsythe, D. Morton, D. Chiu, S. Blomquist, K. Dedeian, Bipin Shah, D. Neckers (2005)
61.4: Anthanthrene Derivatives for Stable Blue‐Emitting Organic Electroluminescent DevicesSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 36
F. Löser, Tilmann Romainczyk, C. Rothe, D. Pavičić, A. Haldi, M. Hofmann, Sven Murano, T. Canzler, J. Birnstock (2012)
Improvement of device efficiency in PIN-OLEDs by controlling the charge carrier balance and intrinsic outcoupling methodsJournal of Photonics for Energy, 2
Ki-Beom Kim, Y. Tak, Y. Han, Kwang-Heum Baik, M. Yoon, Moonho Lee (2003)
Relationship between Surface Roughness of Indium Tin Oxide and Leakage Current of Organic Light-Emitting DiodeJapanese Journal of Applied Physics, 42
C. Adachi, M. Baldo, M. Thompson, S. Forrest (2001)
Nearly 100% internal phosphorescence efficiency in an organic light emitting deviceJournal of Applied Physics, 90
K. Lin, S. Chua, Wei-Wang, Shuang-fang Lim (2001)
Influence of electrical stress voltage on cathode degradation of organic light-emitting devicesJournal of Applied Physics, 90
Dechun Zou, M. Yahiro, T. Tsutsui (1997)
Study on the degradation mechanism of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)Synthetic Metals, 91
Yoshiharu Sato, H. Kanai (1994)
Stability of Organic Electroluminescent DiodesMolecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, 253
D. Grozea, A. Turak, Yanyan Yuan, Sijin Han, Zhenghong Lu, W. Kim (2007)
Enhanced thermal stability in organic light-emitting diodes through nanocomposite buffer layers at the anode/organic interfaceJournal of Applied Physics, 101
Yichun Luo, H. Aziz, and Xu, Z. Popović (2007)
Electron-Induced Quenching of Excitons in Luminescent MaterialsChemistry of Materials, 19
Jun Lee, J. Kwon (2005)
The effect of C60 doping on the device performance of organic light-emitting diodesApplied Physics Letters, 86
M. Fujihira, L. Do, A. Koike, E. Han (1996)
Growth of dark spots by interdiffusion across organic layers in organic electroluminescent devicesApplied Physics Letters, 68
R. Kwong, Matthew Nugent, L. Michalski, T. Ngo, K. Rajan, Y. Tung, M. Weaver, T. Zhou, M. Hack, M. Thompson, S. Forrest, Julie Brown (2002)
High operational stability of electrophosphorescent devicesApplied Physics Letters, 81
Sung-Hoon Choi, Young-Hwan Park, Chan‐Jae Lee, D. Moon, Jungwon Kang, M. Oh, Gee-keun Chang, J. Han (2007)
Hybrid Passivation for a Film-like Organic Light-Emitting Diode using Parylene and Silicon DioxideJapanese Journal of Applied Physics, 46
H. Aziz, Gu Xu (1996)
A degradation mechanism of organic light-emitting devicesSynthetic Metals, 80
J. Kerr (1966)
Bond Dissociation Energies by Kinetic MethodsChemical Reviews, 66
D. Konarev, N. Drichko, V. Semkin, A. Graja (1999)
Spectral studies of chemically generated C60n− and c70n− anions; n=1,2 and 3Synthetic Metals, 103
M. Kondakova, T. Pawlik, R. Young, D. Giesen, D. Kondakov, C. Brown, J. Deaton, J. Lenhard, K. Klubek (2008)
High-efficiency, low-voltage phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode devices with mixed hostJournal of Applied Physics, 104
P. Coppo, S. Yeates (2005)
Shining Light on a Pentacene Derivative: The Role of Photoinduced CycloadditionsAdvanced Materials, 17
G. Parthasarathy, Chongfei Shen, A. Kahn, S. Forrest (2001)
Lithium doping of semiconducting organic charge transport materialsJournal of Applied Physics, 89
Chin Chen, Jianmin Shi (1998)
Metal chelates as emitting materials for organic electroluminescenceCoordination Chemistry Reviews, 171
F. Nüesch, M. Carrara, M. Schaer, D. Romero, L. Zuppiroli (2001)
The Role of Copper Phthalocyanine for Charge Injection into Organic Light Emitting DevicesNIP & Digital Fabrication Conference
D. Taylor, H. Gomes, A. Underhill, S. Edge, P. Clemenson (1991)
Effect of oxygen on the electrical characteristics of field effect transistors formed from electrochemically deposited films of poly(3-methylthiophene)Journal of Physics D, 24
Gu Xu (2003)
Study of degradation mechanism and packaging of organic light emitting devicesChinese Journal of Polymer Science, 21
Vadim Savvateev, A. Yakimov, D. Davidov, R. Pogreb, R. Neumann, Y. Avny (1997)
Degradation of nonencapsulated polymer-based light-emitting diodes: Noise and morphologyApplied Physics Letters, 71
T. Tsuji, Shin Kawami, S. Miyaguchi, Tsuyoshi Naijo, Toshinao Yuki, S. Matsuo, Hiroshi Miyazaki (2004)
23.3: Distinguished Paper: Red‐Phosphorescent OLEDs Employing Bis(8‐Quinolinolato)‐Phenolato‐Aluminum(III) Complexes as Emission‐Layer HostsSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 35
M. Nielen (1999)
MALDI TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERSMass Spectrometry Reviews, 18
K. Norrman, S. Gevorgyan, F. Krebs (2009)
Water-induced degradation of polymer solar cells studied by H2(18)O labeling.ACS applied materials & interfaces, 1 1
D. Kondakov, W. Nichols, William Lenhart (2007)
47.2: Distinguished Paper: Structural Identification of Chemical Products and Mechanism of Operational Degradation of OLEDsSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 38
Wei Wang, Shuang-fang Lim, S. Chua (2002)
Bubble formation and growth in organic light-emitting diodes composed of a polymeric emitter and a calcium cathodeJournal of Applied Physics, 91
Ruben Seifert, S. Scholz, B. Lüssem, K. Leo (2010)
Comparison of ultraviolet- and charge-induced degradation phenomena in blue fluorescent organic light emitting diodesApplied Physics Letters, 97
Mei Tsai, T. Chang, Po-Tsun Liu, C. Ko, Che-Jen Chen, Kang Lo (2006)
Short-diode like diffusion capacitance of organic light emission devicesThin Solid Films, 498
D. Choo, H. Bang, B. Kwack, T. Kim, J. Seo, Y. Kim (2008)
Enhancement of the lifetime in organic light-emitting devices fabricated utilizing wide-bandgap-impurity-doped emitting layersThin Solid Films, 516
V. Choong, Song Shi, J. Curless, F. So (2000)
Bipolar transport organic light emitting diodes with enhanced reliability by LiF dopingApplied Physics Letters, 76
Qi Wang, Graeme Williams, T. Tsui, H. Aziz (2012)
Photochemical deterioration of the organic/metal contacts in organic optoelectronic devicesJournal of Applied Physics, 112
V. Shukla, Santosh Kumar, Dinesh Deva (2006)
Light induced effects on the morphology and optical properties of tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminium (Alq3) small molecular thin filmSynthetic Metals, 156
M. Ishii, Tomohiko Mori, H. Fujikawa, S. Tokito, Y. Taga (2000)
Improvement of organic electroluminescent device performance by in situ plasma treatment of indium–tin-oxide surfaceJournal of Luminescence, 87
M. Yahiro, Dechun Zou, T. Tsutsui (2000)
Recoverable degradation phenomena of quantum efficiency in organic EL devicesSynthetic Metals, 111
H. Chatham (1996)
Oxygen diffusion barrier properties of transparent oxide coatings on polymeric substratesSurface & Coatings Technology, 78
B. D’Andrade, J. Esler, Chun Lin, M. Weaver, Julie Brown (2008)
61.5L: Late‐News Paper: Extremely Long Lived White Phosphorescent Organic Light Emitting Device with Minimum Organic MaterialsSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 39
Yulong Shen, D. Jacobs, G. Malliaras, G. Koley, M. Spencer, A. Ioannidis (2001)
Modification of Indium Tin Oxide for Improved Hole Injection in Organic Light Emitting DiodesAdvanced Materials, 13
Shui-Tong Lee, Ying-min Wang, X. Hou, C. Tang (1999)
INTERFACIAL ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES IN AN ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DIODEApplied Physics Letters, 74
Jung-Yu Liao, Peiwen Liu, Yung-Hsin Yeh, M. Tseng (2007)
A gas barrier film composed of SiO2/Al2O3 multilayers on flexible substrates, 6655
Tomohiko Mori, H. Fujikawa, S. Tokito, Y. Taga (1998)
Electronic structure of 8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum/LiF/Al interface for organic electroluminescent device studied by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopyApplied Physics Letters, 73
Jung-Hung Chang, Shang-Yi Liu, I. Wu, T. Chen, Chia-Wei Liu, Chih‐I Wu (2014)
Stability improvement of organic light emitting diodes by the insertion of hole injection materials on the indium tin oxide substrateJournal of Applied Physics, 115
Lixin Xiao, Zhijian Chen, Bo Qu, Jiaxiu Luo, Shengnan Kong, Q. Gong, J. Kido (2011)
Recent Progresses on Materials for Electrophosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting DevicesAdvanced Materials, 23
E. Han, L. Do, N. Yamamoto, M. Fujihira (1995)
Study of Interfacial Degradation and Morphological Change of the Vapor-Deposited Bilayer of Alq3/TPD for Organic Electroluminescent Devices by AFM and PL TechniqueMolecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, 267
S. Nowy, W. Ren, J. Wagner, J. Weber, W. Brütting (2009)
Impedance spectroscopy of organic hetero-layer OLEDs as a probe for charge carrier injection and device degradation, 7415
K. Klubek, D. Kondakov (2007)
36.3: Improving Operating Lifetime of Blue OLEDs with Phenanthroline‐Based Electron‐Transport MaterialsSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 38
M. Redecker, H. Bässler (1996)
OPTICAL DETECTION OF CHARGE CARRIERS IN ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DIODESApplied Physics Letters, 69
J. Birnstock, T. Canzler, M. Hofmann, A. Lux, Sven Murano, P. Wellmann, A. Werner (2008)
PIN OLEDs — Improved structures and materials to enhance device lifetimeJournal of the Society for Information Display, 16
Makiko Mandai, K. Takada, T. Aoki, T. Fujinami, Y. Nakanishi, Y. Hatanaka (1997)
AFM observation for the change of surface morphology of TPD thin films due to thermal annealingSynthetic Metals, 91
D. Faiman (2008)
Assessing the outdoor operating temperature of photovoltaic modulesProgress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 16
H. Vestweber, W. Riess (1997)
Highly efficient and stable organic light-emitting diodesSynthetic Metals, 91
B. Chin (2011)
Enhancement of efficiency and stability of phosphorescent OLEDs based on heterostructured light-emitting layersJournal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 44
D. Loy, B. Koene, M. Thompson (2002)
Thermally Stable Hole‐Transporting Materials Based upon a Fluorene CoreAdvanced Functional Materials, 12
H. Kanno, Y. Hamada, N. Matsusue, Hisakazu Takahashi, R. Nishikawa, K. Mameno (2004)
Developments in OLEDs with a co-dopant system for improved efficiency and stability, 5214
A. Sobrinho, G. Czeremuszkin, M. Latreche, M. Wertheimer (2000)
Defect-permeation correlation for ultrathin transparent barrier coatings on polymersJournal of Vacuum Science and Technology, 18
V. Jarikov, D. Kondakov, C. Brown (2007)
Efficient and extremely long-lived organic light-emitting diodes based on dinaphthylperyleneJournal of Applied Physics, 102
Jeffrey Anderson, E. McDonald, Paul Lee, M. Anderson, E. Ritchie, H. Hall, T. Hopkins, E. Mash, J. Wang, A. Padías, S. Thayumanavan, S. Barlow, S. Marder, G. Jabbour, S. Shaheen, B. Kippelen, N. Peyghambarian, R. Wightman, N. Armstrong (1998)
Electrochemistry and Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Processes of the Components of Aluminum Quinolate/Triarylamine, and Related Organic Light-Emitting DiodesJournal of the American Chemical Society, 120
V. Roy, R. Pode, T. Rao, A. Djurišić, G. Baldacchini (2004)
Optical and ESR studies of Tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminumMaterials Science and Engineering B-advanced Functional Solid-state Materials, 106
Hossein Siboni, H. Aziz (2012)
Causes of driving voltage rise in phosphorescent organic light emitting devices during prolonged electrical drivingApplied Physics Letters, 101
J. Drechsel, A. Petrich, M. Koch, S. Pfützner, R. Meerheim, S. Scholz, J. Drechsel, K. Walzer, M. Pfeiffer, K. Leo (2006)
53.3: Influence of Material Purification by Vacuum Sublimation on Organic Optoelectronic Device PerformanceSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 37
N. Malm, J. Steiger, T. Finnberg, R. Schmechel, H. Seggern (2003)
Thermal detection of trapped charge carriers in organic transport materials, 4800
Weijie Song, Zhanping Li, S. So, Y. Qiu, You-shuang Zhu, L. Cao (2001)
Dynamic SIMS characterization of interface structure of Ag/Alq3/NPB/ITO model devicesSurface and Interface Analysis, 32
N. Ide, Hiroya Tsuji, N. Ito, Y. Matsuhisa, S. Houzumi, T. Nishimori (2010)
White OLED devices and processes for lighting applications, 7722
M. Lo, T. Ng, H. Mo, Chun‐Sing Lee (2013)
Direct Threat of a UV‐Ozone Treated Indium‐Tin‐Oxide Substrate to the Stabilities of Common Organic SemiconductorsAdvanced Functional Materials, 23
Satoshi Seo, H. Inoue, Satoko Shitagaki, Nobuharu Ohsawa, H. Abe, Kumiko Kojima, Ryoji Nomura, S. Yamazaki (2005)
P‐132: Long‐Lived Deeply Red Phosphorescent OLEDs Based on Electrochemically Stable Ir ComplexesSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 36
S. Reineke, M. Baldo (2012)
Recent progress in the understanding of exciton dynamics within phosphorescent OLEDsphysica status solidi (a), 209
J. Weinstein, Mark Tierney, E. Davies, K. Baše, Anthony Robeiro, M. Grinstaff (2006)
Probing the electronic structure of platinum(II) chromophores: crystal structures, NMR structures, and photophysical properties of six new bis- and di- phenolate/thiolate Pt(II)diimine chromophores.Inorganic chemistry, 45 11
L. Liao, K. Klubek, J. Madathil, C. Tang, D. Giesen (2010)
Recoverable electroluminescence from a contaminated organic/organic interface in an organic light-emitting diodeApplied Physics Letters, 96
Jing Feng, Feng Li, Wenbao Gao, G. Cheng, W. Xie, Shiyong Liu (2002)
Improvement of efficiency and color purity utilizing two-step energy transfer for red organic light-emitting devicesApplied Physics Letters, 81
S. Takemura, H. Kato, Y. Nakajima (1999)
Photoelectron studies of electrochemical diffusion of conducting polymer/transparent conductive metal oxide film interfacesApplied Surface Science, 144
M. Probst, R. Haight (1997)
Unoccupied molecular orbital states of tris (8-hydroxy quinoline) aluminum: Observation and dynamicsApplied Physics Letters, 71
M. Mesta, M. Carvelli, R. Vries, H. Eersel, Jeroen Holst, M. Schober, M. Furno, B. Lüssem, K. Leo, P. Loebl, R. Coehoorn, P. Bobbert (2013)
Molecular-scale simulation of electroluminescence in a multilayer white organic light-emitting diode.Nature materials, 12 7
S. Scholz, K. Walzer, K. Leo (2008)
Analysis of Complete Organic Semiconductor Devices by Laser Desorption/Ionization Time‐of‐Flight Mass SpectrometryAdvanced Functional Materials, 18
T. Sakai, C. Hosokawa, K. Fukuoka, H. Tokailin, Y. Hironaka, H. Ikeda, Masakazu Funahashi, T. Kusumoto (2002)
Organic EL materials based on styryl and amine derivativesJournal of the Society for Information Display, 10
Q. Le, F. Nüesch, L. Rothberg, E. Forsythe, Yongli Gao (1999)
Photoemission study of the interface between phenyl diamine and treated indium–tin–oxideApplied Physics Letters, 75
C. Hosokawa, M. Eida, M. Matsuura, K. Fukuoka, H. Nakamura, T. Kusumoto (1997)
Organic multi-color electroluminescence display with fine pixelsSynthetic Metals, 91
R. Partridge (1983)
Electroluminescence from polyvinylcarbazole films: 1. Carbazole cationsPolymer, 24
Youngkyoo Kim, Eonseok Oh, D. Choi, Hyuntaek Lim, C. Ha (2003)
Efficient blue organic light-emitting devices with charge carrier confining nanostructure formed by wide band gap molecule dopingNanotechnology, 15
A. Gyoutoku, Shintarou Hara, T. Komatsu, M. Shirinashihama, Hideaki Iwanaga, K. Sakanoue (1997)
An organic electroluminescent dot-matrix display using carbon underlayerSynthetic Metals, 91
Y. Qiu, J. Qiao (2000)
Photostability and morphological stability of hole transporting materials used in organic electroluminescenceThin Solid Films, 372
C. Wu, C. Wu, J. Sturm, A. Kahn (1997)
Surface modification of indium tin oxide by plasma treatment: An effective method to improve the efficiency, brightness, and reliability of organic light emitting devicesApplied Physics Letters, 70
J. Ambrose, R. Nelson (1968)
Anodic Oxidation Pathways of Carbazoles I . Carbazole and N‐Substituted DerivativesJournal of The Electrochemical Society, 115
S. Scholz, R. Meerheim, K. Walzer, K. Leo (2008)
Chemical degradation mechanisms of organic semiconductor devices, 6999
Junliang Yang, Jun Shen (1998)
Doping effects in organic electroluminescent devicesJournal of Applied Physics, 84
G. Schwartz, T. Ke, Chung‐Chih Wu, K. Walzer, K. Leo (2008)
Balanced ambipolar charge carrier mobility in mixed layers for application in hybrid white organic light-emitting diodesApplied Physics Letters, 93
A. Rogozin, N. Shevchenko, M. Vinnichenko, M. Seidel, A. Kolitsch, W. Möller (2006)
Annealing of indium tin oxide films by electric current: Properties and structure evolutionApplied Physics Letters, 89
J. Kido, T. Matsumoto (1998)
Bright organic electroluminescent devices having a metal-doped electron-injecting layerApplied Physics Letters, 73
H. Aziz, Z. Popović, S. Xie, A. Hor, N. Hu, C. Tripp, Gu Xu (1998)
Humidity-induced crystallization of tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum layers in organic light-emitting devicesApplied Physics Letters, 72
D. Kondakov, T. Pawlik, W. Nichols, William Lenhart (2008)
Free‐radical pathways in operational degradation of OLEDsJournal of the Society for Information Display, 16
Y. Hamada, T. Sano, K. Shibata, Kazuhiko Kuroki (1995)
Influence of the Emission Site on the Running Durability of Organic Electroluminescent DevicesJapanese Journal of Applied Physics, 34
L. Do, E. Han, Y. Niidome, M. Fujihira, T. Kanno, S. Yoshida, A. Maeda, A. Ikushima (1994)
Observation of degradation processes of Al electrodes in organic electroluminescence devices by electroluminescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopyJournal of Applied Physics, 76
Mei-Yee Chan, S. Lai, F. Wong, O. Lengyel, Chun‐Sing Lee, Shui-Tong Lee (2003)
Efficiency enhancement and retarded dark-spots growth of organic light-emitting devices by high-temperature processingChemical Physics Letters, 371
Jun Lee (2006)
Effect of doping profile on the lifetime of green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodesApplied Physics Letters, 89
M. Jong, L. Ijzendoorn, M. Voigt (2000)
Stability of the interface between indium-tin-oxide and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) in polymer light-emitting diodesApplied Physics Letters, 77
Tae-hyun Gil, C. May, S. Scholz, Sebastian Franke, M. Toerker, H. Lakner, K. Leo, S. Keller (2010)
Origin of damages in OLED from Al top electrode deposition by DC magnetron sputteringOrganic Electronics, 11
E. Han, L. Do, Y. Niidome, M. Fujihira (1994)
Observation of Crystallization of Vapor-deposited TPD Films by AFM and FFMChemistry Letters, 1994
W. Brütting, S. Berleb, A. Mückl (2001)
Device physics of organic light-emitting diodes based on molecular materialsOrganic Electronics, 2
K. Moriwaki, Mitsushi Kusumoto, Keiichi Akamatsu, H. Nakano, Y. Shirota (1998)
Photochromic reaction in a molecular glass as a novel host matrix : the 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4,4', 4-tris[3-methylphenyl(phenyl)amino] triphenylamine systemJournal of Materials Chemistry, 8
Hossein Siboni, H. Aziz (2011)
The influence of the hole blocking layers on the electroluminescence stability of phosphorescent organic light emitting devicesOrganic Electronics, 12
V. Jarikov, R. Young, J. Vargas, C. Brown, K. Klubek, L. Liao (2006)
Operating longevity of organic light-emitting diodes with perylene derivatives as aggregating light-emitting-layer additives: Expansion of the emission zoneJournal of Applied Physics, 100
T. Nguyen, J. Ip, P. Jolinat, P. Destruel (2001)
XPS and sputtering study of the Alq3/electrode interfaces in organic light emitting diodesApplied Surface Science, 172
F. Cacialli, R. Friend, S. Moratti, A. Holmes (1994)
Characterization of properties of polymeric light-emitting diodes over extended periodsSynthetic Metals, 67
Z. Popović, H. Aziz, N. Hu, A. Hor, Gu Xu (1999)
Mechanism of the intrinsic (long-term) degradation in AlQ3-based organic light-emitting devices, 3797
Z. Deng, X. Ding, S. Lee, W. Gambling (1999)
Enhanced brightness and efficiency in organic electroluminescent devices using SiO2 buffer layersApplied Physics Letters, 74
K. Brunner, A. Dijken, H. Börner, J. Bastiaansen, N. Kiggen, B. Langeveld (2004)
Carbazole compounds as host materials for triplet emitters in organic light-emitting diodes: tuning the HOMO level without influencing the triplet energy in small molecules.Journal of the American Chemical Society, 126 19
Nicholas Erickson, S. Raman, J. Hammond, R. Holmes (2014)
Depth profiling organic light-emitting devices by gas-cluster ion beam sputtering and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopyOrganic Electronics, 15
Ruiping Zheng, Wenbo Huang, W. Xu, Yong Cao (2014)
Analysis of Intrinsic Degradation Mechanism in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes by Impedance SpectroscopyChinese Physics Letters, 31
T. Chu, Jenn‐Fang Chen, Szu-Yi Chen, Chaoran Chen, Chin Chen (2006)
Highly efficient and stable inverted bottom-emission organic light emitting devicesApplied Physics Letters, 89
Qi Wang, H. Aziz (2013)
Exciton-induced degradation of organic/electrode interfaces in ultraviolet organic photodetectorsOrganic Electronics, 14
M. Probst, R. Haight (1997)
Diffusion of metals into organic filmsApplied Physics Letters, 70
A. Djurišić, T. Lau, L. Lam, W. Chan (2004)
Influence of atmospheric exposure of tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3): a photoluminescence and absorption studyApplied Physics A, 78
H. Kuma, Yukitoshi Jinde, M. Kawamura, H. Yamamoto, Takashi Arakane, K. Fukuoka, C. Hosokawa (2007)
47.5L: Late‐News Paper: Highly Efficient White OLEDs Using RGB Fluorescent MaterialsSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 38
E. Hartmann, P. Boher, C. Defranoux, L. Jolivet, M. Martin (2004)
UV–VIS and mid-IR ellipsometer characterization of layers used in OLED devicesJournal of Luminescence, 110
Y. Yang, H. Chu, Jeong-Ik Lee, S. Park, Chi-Sun Hwang, S. Chung, L. Do, G. Kim, J. Ko (2006)
Lifetime and Electric Characteristics of Encapsulated Organic Light-Emitting DevicesJapanese Journal of Applied Physics, 45
S. Kim, J. Jang, Jun Lee (2007)
Lifetime improvement of green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes by charge confining device structureApplied Physics Letters, 90
M. Ishii, Y. Taga (2002)
Influence of temperature and drive current on degradation mechanisms in organic light-emitting diodesApplied Physics Letters, 80
D. Son, Y. Shimoi, T. Kizuka, K. Marumoto (2013)
Direct Observation of Charge Carriers in Highly Magnesium-Doped Tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) Aluminum Thin Film by Electron Spin ResonanceJapanese Journal of Applied Physics, 52
Z. Popović, H. Aziz, C. Tripp, N. Hu, A. Hor, Gu Xu (1998)
Improving the efficiency and stability of organic light-emitting devices using mixed emitting layers, 3476
L. Liao, L. Hung, W. Chan, X. Ding, T. Sham, I. Bello, Chun‐Sing Lee, S. Lee (1999)
Ion-beam-induced surface damages on tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminumApplied Physics Letters, 75
Y. Yuan, D. Grozea, Zhenghong Lu (2005)
Fullerene-doped hole transport molecular films for organic light-emitting diodesApplied Physics Letters, 86
P. Burrows, V. Bulović, S. Forrest, L. Sapochak, M. MccartyDennis, M. Thompson (1994)
Reliability and degradation of organic light emitting devicesApplied Physics Letters, 65
A. Turak (2013)
Interfacial degradation in organic optoelectronicsRSC Advances, 3
J. Choi, D. Hwang, J. Hwang, Jaehum Kim, S. Im (2007)
Ultraviolet-enhanced device properties in pentacene-based thin-film transistorsApplied Physics Letters, 90
K. Tada, M. Onoda (2000)
Photoirradiation effect on polymer light-emitting device: Separation between recombination zone and photo-oxidized defectsApplied Physics Letters, 77
G. Nenna, G. Flaminio, T. Fasolino, C. Minarini, R. Miscioscia, D. Palumbo, M. Pellegrino (2007)
A Study on Thermal Degradation of Organic LEDs Using IR ImagingMacromolecular Symposia, 247
M. Yamada, I. Ikemoto, H. Kuroda (1988)
Photooxidation of the Evaporated Films of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Studied by X-Ray Photoelectron SpectroscopyBulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 61
Hossein Siboni, Yichun Luo, H. Aziz (2011)
Luminescence degradation in phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices by hole space chargesJournal of Applied Physics, 109
Y. Hamada (1997)
The development of chelate metal complexes as an organic electroluminescent materialIEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 44
S. Scholz, R. Meerheim, B. Lüssem, K. Leo (2009)
46.1: Invited Paper: Exciton Induced Chemical Reactions in Organic Light Emitting DevicesSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 40
L. Soltzberg, J. Slinker, S. Flores-torres, D. Bernards, G. Malliaras, H. Abruña, Ji‐Seon Kim, R. Friend, M. Kaplan, Velda Goldberg (2006)
Identification of a quenching species in ruthenium tris-bipyridine electroluminescent devices.Journal of the American Chemical Society, 128 24
M. Lu, M. Hack, R. Hewitt, M. Weaver, J.J. Brown (2008)
Power Consumption and Temperature Increase in Large Area Active-Matrix OLED DisplaysJournal of Display Technology, 4
S. Goncalves-Conto, M. Carrard, L. Si-Ahmed, L. Zuppiroli (1999)
Interface Morphology in Organic Light‐Emitting DiodesAdvanced Materials, 11
S. Egusa, A. Miura, Nobuhiro Azuma (1994)
Carrier Injection Characteristics of Organic Electroluminescent DevicesJapanese Journal of Applied Physics, 33
P. Zhou, Z. Dong, A. Rao, P. Eklund (1993)
Reaction mechanism for the photopolymerization of solid fullerene C60Chemical Physics Letters, 211
P. Burrows, Z. Shen, V. Bulović, D. McCarty, S. Forrest, J. Cronin, M. Thompson (1996)
Relationship between electroluminescence and current transport in organic heterojunction light‐emitting devicesJournal of Applied Physics, 79
Yiru Sun, N. Giebink, H. Kanno, Biwu Ma, M. Thompson, S. Forrest (2006)
Management of singlet and triplet excitons for efficient white organic light-emitting devicesNature, 440
Youngkyoo Kim, D. Choi, Hyuntaek Lim, C. Ha (2003)
Accelerated pre-oxidation method for healing progressive electrical short in organic light-emitting devicesApplied Physics Letters, 82
A. Benninghoven (1994)
Surface analysis by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)Surface Science
R. Kwong, M. Weaver, M. Lu, Y. Tung, A. Chwang, T. Zhou, M. Hack, Julie Brown (2003)
Current status of electrophosphorescent device stabilityOrganic Electronics, 4
D. Son, K. Marumoto, T. Kizuka, Y. Shimoi (2012)
Electron spin resonance of thin films of organic light-emitting material tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum doped by magnesiumSynthetic Metals, 162
Chi-Ping Liu, Wei-Ben Wang, Cheng-Wei Lin, Wei-Chun Lin, Chia-Yi Liu, Che-Hung Kuo, Szu-Hsian Lee, W. Kao, Guo-Ji Yen, Yun-Wen You, Hsun-Yun Chang, J. Jou, J. Shyue (2011)
Molecular migration behaviors in organic light-emitting diodes with different host structuresOrganic Electronics, 12
Y. Qiu, Yudi Gao, Liduo Wang, Pengcheng Wei, Lian Duan, De-qiang Zhang, Guifang Dong (2002)
High-efficiency organic light-emitting diodes with tunable light emission by using aromatic diamine/5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene multiple quantum wellsApplied Physics Letters, 81
C. Lee, Shun‐Wei Liu, Y. Chung (2010)
Effect of deposition rate on device performance and lifetime of planar molecule-based organic light-emitting diodesJournal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 43
V. Sivasubramaniam, F. Brodkorb, S. Hanning, Oliver Buttler, H. Loebl, V. Elsbergen, H. Boerner, U. Scherf, M. Kreyenschmidt (2009)
Degradation of HTL layers during device operation in PhOLEDsSolid State Sciences, 11
H. You, Yanfeng Dai, Zhiqiang Zhang, Dongge Ma (2007)
Improved performances of organic light-emitting diodes with metal oxide as anode bufferJournal of Applied Physics, 101
P. Burrows, S. Forrest, T. Zhou, L. Michalski (2000)
Operating lifetime of phosphorescent organic light emitting devicesApplied Physics Letters, 76
H. Gersen, R. Schaub, Wei Xu, I. Stensgaard, E. Lægsgaard, T. Linderoth, F. Besenbacher, Md. Nazeeruddin, M. Graetzel (2006)
Dissociation of iridium(III) phosphorescent emitters upon adsorption on Cu(110) revealed by scanning tunneling microscopyApplied Physics Letters, 89
H. Aziz, Z. Popović, N. Hu (2002)
Organic light emitting devices with enhanced operational stability at elevated temperaturesApplied Physics Letters, 81
V. Adamovich, B. D’Andrade, M. Weaver, Julia Brown (2007)
Recent progress in phosphorescent white organic light-emitting devices for displays and lighting2007 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO)
Xiaomeng Li, Xian-an Cao (2013)
Degradation of phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes under pulsed current stressingOrganic Electronics, 14
G. Kalyuzhny, M. Buda, J. McNeill, P. Barbara, A. Bard (2003)
Stability of thin-film solid-state electroluminescent devices based on tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) complexes.Journal of the American Chemical Society, 125 20
X. Cao, Y. Zhang (2012)
Performance enhancement of organic light-emitting diodes by chlorine plasma treatment of indium tin oxideApplied Physics Letters, 100
Kazuki Nishimura, M. Kawamura, Yukitoshi Jinde, N. Yabunouchi, H. Yamamoto, Takashi Arakane, Toshihiro Iwakuma, Masakazu Funahashi, K. Fukuoka, C. Hosokawa (2008)
P‐203: The Improvement of White OLED's PerformanceSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 39
F. Papadimitrakopoulos, Xian‐Man Zhang (1997)
Environmental stability of aluminum tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) (Alq3) and its implications in light emitting devicesSynthetic Metals, 85
W. Begley, T. Hatwar (2007)
36.2: High‐Performing Organic Electron‐Injecting and Transporting Layers for Red, Green, Blue, and White OLED DevicesSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 38
Yoon-Fei Liew, F. Zhu, S. Chua (2004)
Effect of organic layer combination on dark spot formation in organic light emitting devicesChemical Physics Letters, 394
Jun Lee (2007)
Hole blocking layer free phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes by using a charge confining structureSynthetic Metals, 157
Shih-Wen Wen, Meng-Ting Lee, C. Chen (2005)
Recent development of blue fluorescent OLED materials and devicesJournal of Display Technology, 1
S. Gardonio, L. Gregoratti, P. Melpignano, L. Aballe, V. Biondo, R. Zamboni, M. Murgia, S. Caria, M. Kiskinova (2007)
Degradation of organic light-emitting diodes under different environment at high drive conditionsOrganic Electronics, 8
S. Lai, M. Chan, Chun‐Sing Lee, Shui-Tong Lee (2003)
Investigation of calcium as high performance cathode in small-molecule based organic light-emitting devicesJournal of Applied Physics, 94
A. Ito, T. Morikawa, Takashi Takahashi (1993)
Photo-induced polymerization and oxidation of C60 observed by photoelectron spectroscopyChemical Physics Letters, 211
Yong‐Hoon Cho, Jian Song, S. Keller, U. Mishra, S. Denbaars, Sang-gyu Park, M. Melloch, A. Weiner, R. Norwood, J. Holman, L. Shacklette, S. Emo, N. Tabatabaie, H. Guckel, Xudong Fan, A. Doran, Hailin Wang, Sang‐hoon Yim, Dong-Ryeol Lee, B. Rhee, Doseok Kim, S. Ramachandran, S. Bishop, M. Pfeiffer, A. Beyer, T. Fritz, K. Leo, S. Oehling, M. Ehinger, T. Gerhard, C. Becker, G. Landwehr, Martine Schneider, D. Eich, H. Neureiter, R. Fink, M. Sokolowski, E. Umbach (1998)
CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURAL, MECHANICAL, AND THERMAL PROPERTIES 3202 Controlled doping of phthalocyanine layers by cosublimation with acceptor molecules: A systematic Seebeck and conductivity study
A. Turak, C. Huang, D. Grozea, Zhenghong Lu (2007)
Oxidation of LiF –Coated Metal Surfaces Multilayer Cathode Structures as Used for Organic OptoelectronicsJournal of The Electrochemical Society, 154
M. Roberts, K. Asada, M. Cass, Chris Coward, S. King, A. Lee, M. Pintani, Miguel Ramon, C. Foden (2010)
Fundamental processes governing operation and degradation in state of the art P-OLEDs, 7722
D. Kolosov, D. English, V. Bulović, P. Barbara, S. Forrest, M. Thompson (2001)
Direct observation of structural changes in organic light emitting devices during degradationJournal of Applied Physics, 90
H. Aziz, Z. Popović, C. Tripp, N. Hu, A. Hor, Gu Xu (1998)
DEGRADATION PROCESSES AT THE CATHODE/ORGANIC INTERFACE IN ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DEVICES WITH MG:AG CATHODESApplied Physics Letters, 72
W. Helfrich, W. Schneider (1965)
RECOMBINATION RADIATION IN ANTHRACENE CRYSTALSPhysical Review Letters, 14
H. Colditz, R. Kurt, M. Büchel (2005)
Photodegradation and wavelength dependency of blue polymer light-emitting diode devicesApplied Physics Letters, 87
J. Birnstock, A. Lux, M. Ammann, P. Wellmann, M. Hofmann, T. Stübinger (2006)
64.4: Novel Materials and Structures for Highly‐Efficient, Temperature‐Stable, and Long‐Living AM OLED DisplaysSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 37
H. Yersin (2004)
Triplet emitters for OLED applications. Mechanisms of exciton trapping and control of emission propertiesTopics in Current Chemistry, 241
Soon-Seok Lee (2008)
Effect of the Equivalent Resistance of an Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) on the Half-Life during OperationJournal of the Korean Physical Society, 53
Ramesh Kasim, Yang Cheng, M. Pomerantz, R. Elsenbaumer (1997)
Investigation of device failure mechanisms in polymer light-emitting diodesSynthetic Metals, 85
A. Turak, D. Grozea, X. Feng, Zhenghong Lu, H. Aziz, A. Hor (2002)
Metal/AlQ3 interface structuresApplied Physics Letters, 81
V. Elsbergen, H. Boerner, H. Löbl, C. Goldmann, S. Grabowski, E. Young, G. Gaertner, H. Greiner (2008)
OLEDs for lighting applications, 7051
L. Ke, S. Chua, Keran Zhang, N. Yakovlev (2002)
Degradation and failure of organic light-emitting devicesApplied Physics Letters, 80
G. Kroll, P. Benning, Yue-Ching Chen, T. Ohno, J. Weaver, L. Chibante, R. Smalley (1991)
Interaction of O2 with C60: photon-induced oxidationChemical Physics Letters, 181
Z. Popović, S. Xie, N. Hu, A. Hor, D. Fork, G. Anderson, C. Tripp (2000)
Life extension of organic LED's by doping of a hole transport layerThin Solid Films, 363
M. O'Regan (2009)
40.3: Solution Processed OLED Displays: Advances in Performance, Resolution, Lifetime and AppearanceSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 40
Takashi Arakane, Masakazu Funahashi, H. Kuma, K. Fukuoka, K. Ikeda, H. Yamamoto, F. Moriwaki, C. Hosokawa (2006)
5.1: Fluorescent RGB OLEDs with High PerformanceSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 37
Yanhong Deng, Yanqing Li, Qingdong Ou, Qian-Kun Wang, Fu-Zhou Sun, Xiangyu Chen, Jianxin Tang (2014)
The doping effect of cesium-based compounds on carrier transport and operational stability in organic light-emitting diodesOrganic Electronics, 15
D. Kondakov, J. Sandifer, C. Tang, R. Young (2003)
Nonradiative recombination centers and electrical aging of organic light-emitting diodes: Direct connection between accumulation of trapped charge and luminance lossJournal of Applied Physics, 93
P. Burrows, G. Graff, M. Gross, P. Martin, Michael Hall, E. Mast, C. Bonham, W. Bennett, L. Michalski, M. Weaver, Julie Brown, D. Fogarty, L. Sapochak (2001)
Gas permeation and lifetime tests on polymer-based barrier coatings, 4105
S. Tokito, Hiromitsu Tanaka, A. Okada, Y. Taga (1996)
High‐temperature operation of an electroluminescent device fabricated using a novel triphenylamine derivativeApplied Physics Letters, 69
G. Vamvounis, H. Aziz, N. Hu, Z. Popović (2004)
Temperature dependence of operational stability of organic light emitting diodes based on mixed emitter layersSynthetic Metals, 143
M. Abdou, F. Orfino, Y. Son, S. Holdcroft (1997)
INTERACTION OF OXYGEN WITH CONJUGATED POLYMERS : CHARGE TRANSFER COMPLEX FORMATION WITH POLY(3-ALKYLTHIOPHENES)Journal of the American Chemical Society, 119
I. Moraes, S. Scholz, B. Lüssem, K. Leo (2012)
Chemical degradation processes of highly stable red phosphorescent organic light emitting diodesOrganic Electronics, 13
J. Bisquert, G. Garcia‐Belmonte, J. Montero, H. Bolink (2006)
Charge injection in organic light emitting diodes governed by interfacial states, 6192
Y. Shirota, K. Okumoto, H. Inada (2000)
Thermally stable organic light-emitting diodes using new families of hole-transporting amorphous molecular materialsSynthetic Metals, 111
S. Pieh, Myung-Seop Kim, Changje Sung, Jeongdae Seo, Hong-Seok Choi, Chang-Wook Han, Y. Tak (2009)
60.3: Two‐Stacked White Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Consisting of Fluorescent and Phosphorescent Hybrid Structure with High Efficiency and Good Color CharacteristicsSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 40
X. Xi, Qinglei Meng, Fangxin Li, Yuqiang Ding, J. Ji, Zhengrong Shi, Guohua Li (2010)
The characteristics of the small molecule organic solar cells with PEDOT:PSS/LiF double anode buffer layer systemSolar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 94
M. Flämmich, M. Gather, N. Danz, D. Michaelis, A. Bräuer, K. Meerholz, A. Tünnermann (2010)
Orientation of emissive dipoles in OLEDs: Quantitative in situ analysisOrganic Electronics, 11
J. Meyer, Daniel Schneidenbach, T. Winkler, S. Hamwi, T. Weimann, P. Hinze, S. Ammermann, H. Johannes, T. Riedl, W. Kowalsky (2009)
Reliable thin film encapsulation for organic light emitting diodes grown by low-temperature atomic layer depositionApplied Physics Letters, 94
T. Chu, O. Song (2007)
Hole mobility of N,N′-bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl) benzidine investigated by using space-charge-limited currentsApplied Physics Letters, 90
S. Winter, S. Reineke, K. Walzer, K. Leo (2008)
Photoluminescence degradation of blue OLED emitters, 6999
S. Scholz, Qiang Huang, M. Thomschke, S. Olthof, Philipp Sebastian, K. Walzer, K. Leo, S. Oswald, C. Corten, D. Kuckling (2008)
Self-doping and partial oxidation of metal-on-organic interfaces for organic semiconductor devices studied by chemical analysis techniquesJournal of Applied Physics, 104
E. Głowacki, K. Marshall, C. Tang, N. Sariciftci (2011)
Doping of organic semiconductors induced by lithium fluoride/aluminum electrodes studied by electron spin resonance and infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopyApplied Physics Letters, 99
Yong‐Jin Pu, Go Nakata, Fumiya Satoh, Hisahiro Sasabe, D. Yokoyama, J. Kido (2012)
Optimizing the Charge Balance of Fluorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Devices to Achieve High External Quantum Efficiency Beyond the Conventional Upper LimitAdvanced Materials, 24
Z. Popović, H. Aziz, A. Ioannidis, N. Hu, P. Anjos (2001)
Time-resolved fluorescence studies of degradation in tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (AlQ3)-based organic light emitting devices (OLEDs)Synthetic Metals, 123
Weijie Song, S. So, J. Moulder, Y. Qiu, Yongfa Zhu, L. Cao (2001)
Study on the interaction between Ag and tris(8‐hydroxyquinoline) aluminum using x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopySurface and Interface Analysis, 32
I. Moraes, S. Scholz, B. Lüssem, K. Leo (2011)
Analysis of chemical degradation mechanism within sky blue phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes by laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometryOrganic Electronics, 12
J. Gong, L. Wan, S. Lei, C. Bai, Xiaohong Zhang, Shuitong Lee (2005)
Direct evidence of molecular aggregation and degradation mechanism of organic light-emitting diodes under joule heating: an STM and photoluminescence study.The journal of physical chemistry. B, 109 5
S. Ni, X. Wang, Y. Wu, H. Chen, W. Zhu, Xueyin Jiang, Z. Zhang, R. Sun (2004)
Decay mechanisms of a blue organic light emitting diodeApplied Physics Letters, 85
Q. Le, E. Forsythe, F. Nuesch, L. Rothberg, L. Yan, Yongli Gao (2000)
Interface formation between NPB and processed indium tin oxideThin Solid Films, 363
D. Hertel, K. Meerholz (2007)
Triplet-polaron quenching in conjugated polymers.The journal of physical chemistry. B, 111 42
M. Schaer, F. Nüesch, D. Berner, W. Leo, L. Zuppiroli (2001)
Water Vapor and Oxygen Degradation Mechanisms in Organic Light Emitting DiodesAdvanced Functional Materials, 11
Koichi Suzuki, Akihiro Seno, H. Tanabe, K. Ueno (2004)
New host materials for blue emittersSynthetic Metals, 143
S. Tokito, Y. Taga (1995)
Organic electroluminescent devices fabricated using a diamine doped MgF2 thin film as a hole‐transporting layerApplied Physics Letters, 66
Meng‐Ting Lee, Hsian-Hung Chen, C. Liao, Chih-Hung Tsai, Chin Chen (2004)
Stable styrylamine-doped blue organic electroluminescent device based on 2-methyl-9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthraceneApplied Physics Letters, 85
R. Scurlock, Bojie Wang, P. Ogilby, J. Sheats, R. Clough (1995)
Singlet Oxygen as a Reactive Intermediate in the Photodegradation of an Electroluminescent PolymerJournal of the American Chemical Society, 117
K. Tada, M. Onoda (2001)
Photooxidation mechanism of polymer light-emitting device and its application to optically patternable deviceSynthetic Metals, 121
P. Melpignano, A. Baron-Toaldo, V. Biondo, S. Priante, R. Zamboni, M. Murgia, S. Caria, L. Gregoratti, A. Barinov, M. Kiskinova (2005)
Mechanism of dark-spot degradation of organic light-emitting devicesApplied Physics Letters, 86
P. Anjos, H. Aziz, N. Hu, Z. Popović (2002)
Temperature dependence of electroluminescence degradation in organic light emitting devices without and with a copper phthalocyanine buffer layerOrganic Electronics, 3
K. Tada, M. Onoda, H. Nakayama (1998)
OPTICAL PATTERNING OF POLYMER LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICEJapanese Journal of Applied Physics, 37
N. Giebink, B. D’Andrade, M. Weaver, J. Brown, S. Forrest (2009)
Direct evidence for degradation of polaron excited states in organic light emitting diodesJournal of Applied Physics, 105
van Mensfoort, van Mensfoort, M Carvelli, M Carvelli, M. Megens, Dj Wehenkel, Dj Wehenkel, M. Bartyzel, H. Greiner, R. Janssen, R. Coehoorn, R. Coehoorn (2010)
Measuring the light emission profile in organic light-emitting diodes with nanometre spatial resolutionNature Photonics, 4
D. Qin, D. Li, Y. Wang, Jiangnan Zhang, Zhensheng Xie, G. Wang, Lei Wang, Dadong Yan (2001)
Effects of the morphologies and structures of light-emitting layers on the performance of organic electroluminescent devicesApplied Physics Letters, 78
A. Schlatmann, D. Floet, A. Hilberer, F. Garten, P. Smulders, T. Klapwijk, G. Hadziioannou (1996)
Indium contamination from the indium–tin–oxide electrode in polymer light‐emitting diodesApplied Physics Letters, 69
V. Jarikov, J. Vargas, D. Kondakov, R. Young, K. Klubek, L. Liao, C. Brown (2007)
30.2: Improving Operating Lifetime of Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with Perylene and Derivatives as Aggregating Light‐Emitting‐Layer AdditivesSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 38
Y. Hirose, A. Kahn, V. Aristov, P. Soukiassian (1996)
Chemistry, diffusion, and electronic properties of a metal/organic semiconductor contact: In/perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydrideApplied Physics Letters, 68
V. Adamovich, P. Levermore, Xin Xu, A. Dyatkin, Zeinab Elshenawy, M. Weaver, Julie Brown (2012)
High-performance phosphorescent white-stacked organic light-emitting devices for solid-state lightingJournal of Photonics for Energy, 2
M. Xu, J. Xu, J. An (2005)
Visualization of thermally activated morphology evolution of N, N’-di(naphthalene-1-yl)- N, N’-diphthalbenzidine films on ITO/copper phthalocyanine underlying layerApplied Physics A, 81
V. Jarikov, D. Kondakov (2009)
Studies of the degradation mechanism of organic light-emitting diodes based on tris(8-quinolinolate)aluminum Alq and 2-tert-butyl-9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene TBADNJournal of Applied Physics, 105
K. Thangaraju, J. Kumar, P. Amaladass, A. Mohanakrishnan, V. Narayanan (2006)
Study on photoluminescence from tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum thin films and influence of lightApplied Physics Letters, 89
C. Adachi, Kazukiyo Nagai, Nozomu Tamoto (1996)
Durability Characteristics of Aminopyrene Dimer Molecules as an Emitter in Organic Multilayered Electroluminescent DiodesJapanese Journal of Applied Physics, 35
E. Baranoff, S. Suárez, P. Bugnon, C. Barolo, R. Buscaino, R. Scopelliti, L. Zuppiroli, M. Graetzel, Md. Nazeeruddin (2008)
Sublimation not an innocent technique: a case of bis-cyclometalated iridium emitter for OLED.Inorganic chemistry, 47 15
Qi Wang, H. Aziz (2013)
Degradation of organic/organic interfaces in organic light-emitting devices due to polaron-exciton interactions.ACS applied materials & interfaces, 5 17
G. He, K. Walzer, M. Pfeiffer, K. Leo, Robert Pudzich, J. Salbeck (2004)
Ultra-high-efficiency electrophosphorescent p-i-n OLEDs with double emission layers, 5519
C. Väterlein, B. Ziegler, W. Gebauer, H. Neureiter, M. Stoldt, M. Weaver, P. Bäuerle, M. Sokolowski, D. Bradley, E. Umbach (1996)
Electrical conductivity and oxygen doping of vapour-deposited oligothiophene filmsSynthetic Metals, 76
M. Matsumura, Yukitoshi Jinde (1997)
Change of the depth profile of a light-emitting zone in organic EL devices with their degradationSynthetic Metals, 91
D. Kondakov, C. Brown, T. Pawlik, V. Jarikov (2010)
Chemical reactivity of aromatic hydrocarbons and operational degradation of organic light-emitting diodesJournal of Applied Physics, 107
P. He, F. Au, Yu Wang, L. Cheng, Chun‐Sing Lee, Shui-Tong Lee (2000)
Direct evidence for interaction of magnesium with tris(8-hydroxy-quinoline) aluminumApplied Physics Letters, 76
M. Karas, D. Bachmann, U. Bahr, F. Hillenkamp (1987)
Matrix-assisted ultraviolet laser desorption of non-volatile compoundsInternational Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes, 78
T. Sano, H. Fujii, Y. Nishio, Y. Hamada, Hisakazu Takahashi, K. Shibata (1997)
Organic electroluminescent devices doped with condensed polycyclic aromatic compoundsSynthetic Metals, 91
K. Demirkan, A. Mathew, C. Weiland, M. Reid, R. Opila (2008)
Reactivity and morphology of vapor-deposited Al/polymer interfaces for organic semiconductor devicesJournal of Applied Physics, 103
S. Scholz, C. Corten, K. Walzer, D. Kuckling, K. Leo (2007)
Photochemical reactions in organic semiconductor thin filmsOrganic Electronics, 8
J. Frischeisen, D. Yokoyama, C. Adachi, W. Brütting (2010)
Determination of molecular dipole orientation in doped fluorescent organic thin films by photoluminescence measurementsApplied Physics Letters, 96
H. Shin, H. Song, Ju-Wan Lee, H. Yoon, J. Chung, Jeong-Yun Lee (2006)
Scanning photoelectron microscopic study of top-emission organic light-emitting device degradation under high-bias voltageJournal of Applied Physics, 100
Stefan Auschill, I. Moraes, B. Lüssem, M. Gather, K. Leo (2012)
A high performance liquid chromatography method to determine phenanthroline derivatives used in OLEDs and OSCsSynthetic Metals, 162
C. Brown, D. Kondakov (2004)
A new generation of high‐efficiency red‐emitting electroluminescent devices with exceptional stabilityJournal of the Society for Information Display, 12
Florian Lindla, Manuel Boesing, P. Gemmern, D. Bertram, D. Keiper, M. Heuken, H. Kalisch, R. Jansen (2011)
Employing exciton transfer molecules to increase the lifetime of phosphorescent red organic light emitting diodesApplied Physics Letters, 98
S. Slyke, Ching Tang (2002)
Organic Electroluminescent DevicesIEEE/LEOS 1995 Digest of the LEOS Summer Topical Meetings. Flat Panel Display Technology
H. Aziz, Z. Popović (2004)
Degradation Phenomena in Small-Molecule Organic Light-Emitting DevicesChemistry of Materials, 16
T. Zyung, Jang‐Joo Kim (1995)
Photodegradation of poly(p ‐ phenylenevinylene) by laser light at the peak wavelength of electroluminescenceApplied Physics Letters, 67
F. Papadimitrakopoulos, Xian‐Man Zhang, K. Higginson (1998)
Chemical and morphological stability of aluminum tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) (Alq/sub 3/): effects in light-emitting devicesIEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 4
Yoon-Fei Liew, H. Aziz, N. Hu, H. Chan, Gu Xu, Z. Popović (2000)
Investigation of the sites of dark spots in organic light-emitting devicesApplied Physics Letters, 77
T. Matsushima, C. Adachi (2008)
Evaluating Origin of Electron Traps in Tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) Aluminum Thin Films using Thermally Stimulated Current TechniqueJapanese Journal of Applied Physics, 47
T. Arai, Y. Murakami, H. Suematsu, K. Kikuchi, Y. Achiba, I. Ikemoto (1992)
Resistivity of single crystal C60 and effect of oxygenSolid State Communications, 84
Dino Pardo, N. Peyghambarian, G. Jabbour (2001)
In Situ Purification of Organic Materials for Organic Light-Emitting Device FabricationJapanese Journal of Applied Physics, 40
Z. Popović, H. Aziz (2002)
Reliability and degradation of small molecule-based organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs)IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 8
J. Blochwitz, M. Pfeiffer, T. Fritz, K. Leo (1998)
LOW VOLTAGE ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODES FEATURING DOPED PHTHALOCYANINE AS HOLE TRANSPORT MATERIALApplied Physics Letters, 73
Zhang Zhi-lin, Jiang Xue-yin, Xu Shao-hong, T. Nagatomo, O. Omoto (1998)
The effect of rubrene as a dopant on the efficiency and stability of organic thin film electroluminescent devicesJournal of Physics D, 31
Qi Wang, I. Oswald, M. Perez, H. Jia, B. Gnade, M. Omary (2013)
Exciton and Polaron Quenching in Doping‐Free Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes from a Pt(II)‐Based Fast PhosphorAdvanced Functional Materials, 23
P. Vincett, W. Barlow, R. Hann, G. Roberts (1982)
Electrical conduction and low voltage blue electroluminescence in vacuum-deposited organic filmsThin Solid Films, 94
Z. You, J. Dong (2005)
Surface properties of treated ITO anodes for organic light-emitting devicesApplied Surface Science, 249
De-ang Liu, F. Teng, Zheng Xu, Shengyi Yang, Shanyu Quan, Qingfang He, Yongsheng Wang, Xurong Xu (2006)
Influence of capacitance effect on alternating-current organic light-emitting diodesSolid State Communications, 137
G. Malliaras, Yulong Shen, D. Dunlap, H. Murata, Z. Kafafi (2001)
Nondispersive electron transport in Alq3Applied Physics Letters, 79
B. Cumpston, K. Jensen (1996)
Electromigration of aluminum cathodes in polymer‐based electroluminescent devicesApplied Physics Letters, 69
Antti Laäaäperi, Ilkka Hyytiäinen, T. Mustonen, S. Kallio (2007)
30.1: Invited Paper: OLED Lifetime Issues in Mobile Phone IndustrySID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 38
Meng‐Ting Lee, Yao‐Shan Wu, Hsian-Hung Chen, Chih-Hung Tsai, C. Liao, Chin Chen (2004)
P‐115: Efficient Blue Organic Electroluminescent Devices Based on a Stable Blue Host MaterialSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 35
Mohamed Abdou, F. Orfino, Z. Xie, M. Deen, S. Holdcroft (1994)
Reversible charge transfer complexes between molecular oxygen and poly(3-alkylthiophene)s†Advanced Materials, 6
J. McElvain, H. Antoniadis, M. Hueschen, Jeffrey Miller, D. Roitman, J. Sheats, R. Moon (1996)
Formation and growth of black spots in organic light‐emitting diodesJournal of Applied Physics, 80
M. Pfeiffer, S. Forrest, Xiang Zhou, K. Leo (2003)
A low drive voltage, transparent, metal-free n-i-p electrophosphorescent light emitting diodeOrganic Electronics, 4
Y. Qiu, Yudi Gao, Pengcheng Wei, Liduo Wang (2002)
Organic light-emitting diodes with improved hole-electron balance by using copper phthalocyanine/aromatic diamine multiple quantum wellsApplied Physics Letters, 80
T. Sano, Y. Hamada, K. Shibata (1998)
Energy-band schemes of highly stable organic electroluminescent devicesIEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 4
N. Nakashima, K. Yoshihara (1989)
Role of hot molecules formed by internal conversion in UV single-photon and multiphoton chemistryThe Journal of Physical Chemistry, 93
H. Shin, M. Jung, J. Chung, Kyu-Sik Kim, Ju-Pyung Lee, Soo-Geun Lee (2006)
Degradation mechanism of organic light-emitting device investigated by scanning photoelectron microscopy coupled with peel-off techniqueApplied Physics Letters, 89
S. Forrest (1997)
Ultrathin Organic Films Grown by Organic Molecular Beam Deposition and Related Techniques.Chemical reviews, 97 6
C. Tang, S. Vanslyke (1987)
Organic Electroluminescent DiodesApplied Physics Letters, 51
A. Twarowski, A. Albrecht (1979)
Depletion layer studies in organic films: Low frequency capacitance measurements in polycrystalline tetraceneJournal of Chemical Physics, 70
A. Murase, M. Ishii, S. Tokito, Y. Taga (2001)
Analysis of dark spots growing in organic EL devices by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry.Analytical chemistry, 73 10
L. Liao, Xuhui Sun, L. Cheng, N. Wong, Chun‐Sing Lee, Shui-Tong Lee (2001)
Ambient effect on the electronic structures of tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum films investigated by photoelectron spectroscopyChemical Physics Letters, 333
K. Klubek, C. Tang, L. Rothberg (2014)
Investigation of blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode host and dopant stabilityOrganic Electronics, 15
Wenping Hu, K. Manabe, T. Furukawa, M. Matsumura (2002)
Lowering of operational voltage of organic electroluminescent devices by coating indium-tin-oxide electrodes with a thin CuOx layerApplied Physics Letters, 80
G. Yu, D. Shen, Yunqi Liu, Daoben Zhu (2001)
Photodegradation of 8-hydroxyquinoline aluminumSynthetic Metals, 121
Yang Lin, Kunping Guo, Zhixiang Gao, Hua Wang, Chong Li, Tao Xu, B. Wei (2013)
Photoluminescence characteristics of organic molecules in the accelerated aging organic light‐emitting diodesphysica status solidi (a), 210
M. Pope, H. Kallmann, P. Magnante (1963)
Electroluminescence in Organic CrystalsJournal of Chemical Physics, 38
A. Böhler, S. Dirr, H. Johannes, D. Ammermann, W. Kowalsky (1997)
Influence of the process vacuum on the device performance of organic light-emitting diodesSynthetic Metals, 91
G. Dennler, C. Lungenschmied, H. Neugebauer, N. Sariciftci, M. Latreche, G. Czeremuszkin, M. Wertheimer (2006)
A new encapsulation solution for flexible organic solar cellsThin Solid Films, 511
H. Becker, H. Vestweber, A. Gerhard, P. Stoessel, R. Fortte (2004)
17.5L: Late‐News Paper: Novel Host Materials for Efficient and Stable Phosphorescent OLED DevicesSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 35
P. Levermore, A. Dyatkin, Zeinab Elshenawy, H. Pang, Jeff Silvernail, Emory Krall, R. Kwong, R. Ma, M. Weaver, Julie Brown, Xiangfei Qi, S. Forrest (2012)
Phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes for high-efficacy long-lifetime solid-state lightingJournal of Photonics for Energy, 2
S. Scholz, B. Lüssem, K. Leo (2009)
Chemical changes on the green emitter tris(8-hydroxy-quinolinato)aluminum during device aging of p-i-n-structured organic light emitting diodesApplied Physics Letters, 95
I. Parker, Y. Cao, C. Yang (1999)
Lifetime and degradation effects in polymer light-emitting diodesJournal of Applied Physics, 85
W. Howard, O. Prache (2001)
Microdisplays based upon organic light-emitting diodesIBM J. Res. Dev., 45
L. Liao, J. He, X. Zhou, M. Lu, Z. Xiong, Z. Deng, X. Hou, Shui-Tong Lee (2000)
Bubble formation in organic light-emitting diodesJournal of Applied Physics, 88
J. Steiger, S. Karg, R. Schmechel, H. Seggern (2001)
Aging induced traps in organic semiconductorsSynthetic Metals, 122
Yichun Luo, H. Aziz, Z. Popović, Gu Xu (2007)
Degradation mechanisms in organic light-emitting devices: Metal migration model versus unstable tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum cationic modelJournal of Applied Physics, 101
R. Schlaf, H. Murata, Z. Kafafi (2001)
Work function measurements on indium tin oxide filmsJournal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, 120
M. Matsumura, A. Ito, Y. Miyamae (1999)
Accumulation of positive charges in organic light-emitting diodes with a double-layer structureApplied Physics Letters, 75
T. Hatwar, J. Spindler, M. Kondakova, D. Giesen, J. Deaton, J. Vargas (2010)
52.2: Hybrid Tandem White OLEDs with High Efficiency and Long Life‐time for AMOLED Displays and Solid‐State LightingSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 41
R. Meerheim, K. Walzer, M. Pfeiffer, K. Leo (2006)
Ultrastable and efficient red organic light emitting diodes with doped transport layersApplied Physics Letters, 89
P. Tyagi, Ajay Kumar, L. Giri, M. Dalai, S. Tuli, M. Kamalasanan, R. Srivastava (2013)
Exciton quenching by diffusion of 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7',8,8'-tetra cyano quino dimethane and its consequences on joule heating and lifetime of organic light-emitting diodes.Optics letters, 38 19
Florian Wölzl, I. Moraes, B. Lüssem, S. Hofmann, K. Leo, M. Gather (2014)
Performance and lifetime of vacuum deposited organic light-emitting diodes: Influence of residual gases present during device fabricationOrganic Electronics, 15
Ruben Seifert, I. Moraes, S. Scholz, M. Gather, B. Lüssem, K. Leo (2013)
Chemical degradation mechanisms of highly efficient blue phosphorescent emitters used for organic light emitting diodesOrganic Electronics, 14
Weipan Cui, Rui Liu, Alex Smith, J. Shinar, R. Shinar (2011)
Luminescence decay times of PdOEP:PVK OLEDs fabricated in controlled O2 and H2O environments, 8118
D. Kondakov (2008)
Role of chemical reactions of arylamine hole transport materials in operational degradation of organic light-emitting diodesJournal of Applied Physics, 104
D. Kondakov (2006)
Voltammetric study of bphen electron-transport layer in contact with LiF/Al cathode in organic light-emitting diodesJournal of Applied Physics, 99
Youngjoo Lee, Heeju Lee, Y. Byun, Sanghoon Song, Jeeun Kim, Daeyong Eom, W. Cha, Seongwoo Park, Jin Kim, Hyunjung Kim (2007)
Study of thermal degradation of organic light emitting device structures by X-ray scatteringThin Solid Films, 515
R. Meerheim, S. Scholz, G. Schwartz, S. Reineke, S. Olthof, K. Walzer, K. Leo (2008)
Efficiency and lifetime enhancement of phosphorescent organic devices, 6999
M. Tietze, K. Leo, B. Lüssem (2013)
Quantification of deep hole-trap filling by molecular p-doping: Dependence on the host material purityOrganic Electronics, 14
T. Wakimoto, Yoshinori Fukuda, K. Nagayama, A. Yokoi, Hitoshi Nakada, Masami Tsuchida (1997)
Organic EL cells using alkaline metal compounds as electron injection materialsIEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 44
F. Papadimitrakopoulos, Xian‐Man Zhang, D. Thomsen, K. Higginson (1996)
A chemical failure mechanism for aluminum(III) 8-hydroxyquinoline light-emitting devicesChemistry of Materials, 8
M. Ikai, S. Tokito, Y. Sakamoto, Toshiyasu Suzuki, Y. Taga (2001)
Highly efficient phosphorescence from organic light-emitting devices with an exciton-block layerApplied Physics Letters, 79
K. Walzer, B. Maennig, M. Pfeiffer, K. Leo (2007)
Highly efficient organic devices based on electrically doped transport layers.Chemical reviews, 107 4
A. Maliakal, K. Raghavachari, H. Katz, and Chandross, T. Siegrist (2004)
Photochemical Stability of Pentacene and a Substituted Pentacene in Solution and in Thin FilmsChemistry of Materials, 16
Dechun Zou, M. Yahiro, T. Tsutsui (1998)
Improvement of Current-Voltage Characteristics in Organic Light Emitting Diodes by Application of Reversed-Bias VoltageJapanese Journal of Applied Physics, 37
Dechun Zou, M. Yahiro, T. Tsutsui (1998)
Spontaneous and reverse-bias induced recovery behavior in organic electroluminescent diodesApplied Physics Letters, 72
Jianmin Shi, C. Tang (1997)
Doped organic electroluminescent devices with improved stabilityApplied Physics Letters, 70
B. Cumpston, I. Parker, K. Jensen (1997)
In situ characterization of the oxidative degradation of a polymeric light emitting deviceJournal of Applied Physics, 81
Seyeol Park, W. Yun, L. Kim, Seonuk Park, Se Kim, Chan Park (2013)
Inorganic/organic multilayer passivation incorporating alternating stacks of organic/inorganic multilayers for long-term air-stable organic light-emitting diodesOrganic Electronics, 14
S. Tokito, Hiromitsu Tanaka, K. Noda, Okada Akane, Y. Taga (1997)
Temperature dependences of electroluminescent characteristics in the devices fabricated with novel triphenylamine derivativesIEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 44
Jianmin Shi, C. Tang (2002)
Anthracene derivatives for stable blue-emitting organic electroluminescence devicesApplied Physics Letters, 80
Jiu-Haw Lee, Chih‐I Wu, Shun‐Wei Liu, Ching-An Huang, Yih Chang (2005)
Mixed host organic light-emitting devices with low driving voltage and long lifetimeApplied Physics Letters, 86
Takeshi Ikeda, H. Murata, Y. Kinoshita, J. Shike, Y. Ikeda, M. Kitano (2006)
Enhanced stability of organic light-emitting devices fabricated under ultra-high vacuum conditionChemical Physics Letters, 426
A. Hamed, Sun Yy, Tao Yk, Meng Rl, P. Hor (1993)
Effects of oxygen and illumination on the in situ conductivity of C60 thin films.Physical review. B, Condensed matter, 47 16
Z. Popović, H. Aziz, N. Hu, A. Ioannidis, P. Anjos (2001)
Simultaneous electroluminescence and photoluminescence aging studies of tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum-based organic light-emitting devicesJournal of Applied Physics, 89
Y. Kuwabara, H. Ogawa, H. Inada, N. Noma, Y. Shirota (1994)
Thermally stable multilared organic electroluminescent devices using novel starburst molecules, 4,4′,4″‐Tri(N‐carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA) and 4,4′,4″‐Tris(3‐methylphenylphenylamino)triphenylamine (m‐MTDATA), as hole‐transport materialsAdvanced Materials, 6
J. Scott, J. Kaufman, P. Brock, R. DiPietro, J. Salem, J. Goitia (1996)
Degradation and failure of MEH‐PPV light‐emitting diodesJournal of Applied Physics, 79
Y. Kaminorz, E. Smela, O. Inganäs, L. Brehmer (1998)
Sensitivity of Polythiophene Planar Light‐Emitting Diodes to OxygenAdvanced Materials, 10
Jingsong Huang, Kaixia Yang, Shiyong Liu, H. Jiang (2000)
High-brightness organic double-quantum-well electroluminescent devicesApplied Physics Letters, 77
B. Cumpston, K. Jensen (1995)
Photo-oxidation of polymers used in electroluminescent devicesSynthetic Metals, 73
H. Heil, J. Steiger, S. Karg, M. Gastel, H. Ortner, H. Seggern, M. Stössel (2001)
Mechanisms of injection enhancement in organic light-emitting diodes through an Al/LiF electrodeJournal of Applied Physics, 89
L. Liao, C. Tang (2008)
Moisture exposure to different layers in organic light-emitting diodes and the effect on electroluminescence characteristicsJournal of Applied Physics, 104
Koichi Tanaka (2003)
The origin of macromolecule ionization by laser irradiation (Nobel lecture).Angewandte Chemie, 42 33
I. Hong, Min-Woo Lee, Youngmo Koo, Hyein Jeong, Tae-Shick Kim, O. Song (2005)
Effective hole injection of organic light-emitting diodes by introducing buckminsterfullerene on the indium tin oxide anodeApplied Physics Letters, 87
P. Cusumano, F. Buttitta, A. Cristofalo, C. Calì (2003)
Effect of driving method on the degradation of organic light emitting diodesSynthetic Metals, 139
S. Tokito, Hiromitsu Tanaka, K. Noda, A. Okada, Y. Taga (1997)
THERMAL STABILITY IN OLIGOMERIC TRIPHENYLAMINE/TRIS(8-QUINOLINOLATO) ALUMINUM ELECTROLUMINESCENT DEVICESApplied Physics Letters, 70
A. Chwang, R. Kwong, Julie Brown (2002)
Graded mixed-layer organic light-emitting devicesApplied Physics Letters, 80
C. Féry, B. Racine, D. Vaufrey, H. Doyeux, S. Ciná (2005)
Physical mechanism responsible for the stretched exponential decay behavior of aging organic light-emitting diodesApplied Physics Letters, 87
C. Hosokawa, K. Fukuoka, H. Kawamura, T. Sakai, Mineyuki Kubota, M. Funahashi, F. Moriwaki, H. Ikeda (2004)
17.1: Invited Paper: Improvement of Lifetime in Organic ElectroluminescenceSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 35
R. Seshadri, C. Rao, H. Pal, T. Mukherjee, J. Mittal (1993)
Interaction of C60 and C70 with aromatic amines in the ground and excited states. Evindence for fullerene—benzene interaction in the ground stateChemical Physics Letters, 205
D. Kondakov (2005)
Direct observation of deep electron traps in aged organic light emitting diodesJournal of Applied Physics, 97
C. Adachi, T. Tsutsui, S. Saitō (1990)
Blue light‐emitting organic electroluminescent devicesApplied Physics Letters, 56
Kazuki Nishimura, Yuichiro Kawamura, Tomoki Kato, Masaki Numata, M. Kawamura, Toshinari Ogiwara, H. Yamamoto, Toshihiro Iwakuma, Yukitoshi Jinde, C. Hosokawa (2009)
23.2: New Green and Red Phosphorescent Host Materials for Highly‐Efficient and Long‐Lifetime OLEDsSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 40
Yichun Luo, H. Aziz, Z. Popović, Gu Xu (2006)
Correlation between electroluminescence efficiency and stability in organic light-emitting devices under pulsed driving conditionsJournal of Applied Physics, 99
S. Benson, F. Cruickshank, D. Golden, G. Haugen, H. O'neal, A. Rodgers, R. Shaw, R. Walsh (1969)
Additivity rules for the estimation of thermochemical propertiesChemical Reviews, 69
E. Baranoff, H. Bolink, F. Angelis, S. Fantacci, D. Censo, K. Djellab, M. Grätzel, Md. Nazeeruddin (2010)
An inconvenient influence of iridium(III) isomer on OLED efficiency.Dalton transactions, 39 38
S. Reineke, F. Lindner, G. Schwartz, N. Seidler, K. Walzer, B. Lüssem, K. Leo (2009)
White organic light-emitting diodes with fluorescent tube efficiencyNature, 459
C. Qiu, Zhilang Xie, Haiying Chen, M. Wong, H. Kwok (2003)
Comparative study of metal or oxide capped indium-tin oxide anodes for organic light-emitting diodesJournal of Applied Physics, 93
L. Cheng, L. Liao, W. Lai, Xuhui Sun, N. Wong, Chun‐Sing Lee, Shui-Tong Lee (2000)
Effect of deposition rate on the morphology, chemistry and electroluminescence of tris-(8-hydroxyqiunoline) aluminum filmsChemical Physics Letters, 319
S. Xia, R. Kwong, V. Adamovich, M. Weaver, J.J. Brown (2007)
OLED Device Operational Lifetime: Insights and Challenges2007 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium Proceedings. 45th Annual
Xiang Zhang, S. Chua, Huan Wang, Wei Huang (1999)
Recoverable Photodegradation of Light-Emitting PolymersMRS Proceedings, 598
S. Schmidbauer, Andreas Hohenleutner, B. König (2013)
Studies on the photodegradation of red, green and blue phosphorescent OLED emittersBeilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry, 9
B. D’Andrade, J. Esler, Julie Brown (2006)
Organic light-emitting device operational stability at cryogenic temperaturesSynthetic Metals, 156
Sergey Lamansky, Peter Djurovich, Drew Murphy, Feras Abdel-Razzaq, Hae-Eun Lee, C. Adachi, P. Burrows, P. Burrows, S. Forrest, M. Thompson (2001)
Highly phosphorescent bis-cyclometalated iridium complexes: synthesis, photophysical characterization, and use in organic light emitting diodes.Journal of the American Chemical Society, 123 18
Q. Le, F. Avendano, E. Forsythe, L. Yan, Yongli Gao, C. Tang (1999)
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy investigation of stability mechanism of tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum-based light-emitting devicesJournal of Vacuum Science and Technology, 17
S. Tadayyon, H. Grandin, K. Griffiths, L. Coatsworth, P. Norton, H. Aziz, Z. Popović (2004)
Reliable and reproducible determination of work function and ionization potentials of layers and surfaces relevant to organic light emitting diodesOrganic Electronics, 5
O. Berg, E. Chronister, T. Yamashita, G. Scott, R. Sweet, J. Calabrese (1999)
s-Dipentacene: Structure, Spectroscopy, and Temperature- and Pressure-Dependent PhotochemistryJournal of Physical Chemistry A, 103
H. Murata, C. Merritt, H. Inada, Y. Shirota, Z. Kafafi (1999)
Molecular organic light-emitting diodes with temperature-independent quantum efficiency and improved thermal durabilityApplied Physics Letters, 75
T. Mori, K. Miyachi, T. Mizutani (1995)
A study of the electroluminescence process of an organic electroluminescence diode with an Alq3 emission layer using a dye-doping methodJournal of Physics D, 28
H. Spreitzer, H. Schenk, J. Salbeck, Frank Weissoertel, Heike Reil, W. Riess (1999)
Temperature stability of OLEDs using amorphous compounds with spiro-bifluorene core, 3797
P. Burrows, G. Graff, M. Gross, P. Martin, M. Shi, Michael Hall, E. Mast, C. Bonham, W. Bennett, Michael Sullivan (2001)
Ultra barrier flexible substrates for flat panel displaysDisplays, 22
H. Tokailin, M. Matsuura, H. Higashi, C. Hosokawa, T. Kusumoto (1993)
Characteristics of blue organic electroluminescent devices with distyryl arylene derivatives, 1910
Hitoshi Yamamoto, C. Adachi, M. Weaver, Julie Brown (2012)
Identification of device degradation positions in multi-layered phosphorescent organic light emitting devices using water probesApplied Physics Letters, 100
Matthew Jurow, A. Bossi, P. Djurovich, M. Thompson (2014)
In Situ Observation of Degradation by Ligand Substitution in Small-Molecule Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting DiodesChemistry of Materials, 26
I. Wu, C. Chuang, Po-Sheng Wang, W. Tseng, Chih‐I Wu (2012)
The investigation of the diffusion length of cathode materials in organic light emitting devices through impedance characteristicsApplied Physics Letters, 100
V. Sivasubramaniam, F. Brodkorb, S. Hanning, H. Loebl, V. Elsbergen, H. Boerner, U. Scherf, M. Kreyenschmidt (2009)
Fluorine cleavage of the light blue heteroleptic triplet emitter FIrpicJournal of Fluorine Chemistry, 130
P. Smith, P. Gerroir, S. Xie, †. Hor, Z. Popović, M. Hair (1998)
Degradation of Organic Electroluminescent Devices. Evidence for the Occurrence of Spherulitic Crystallization in the Hole Transport LayerLangmuir, 14
Shui-Tong Lee, C. Lee, Z. Gao, B. Chen, W. Lai, T. Wong (1999)
Performance optimization of organic electroluminescent devices, 3797
G. He, M. Pfeiffer, K. Leo, M. Hofmann, J. Birnstock, Robert Pudzich, J. Salbeck (2004)
High-efficiency and low-voltage p‐i‐n electrophosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with double-emission layersApplied Physics Letters, 85
Yoshiharu Sato, T. Ogata, S. Ichinosawa, M. Fugono, H. Kanai (1999)
Interface and material considerations of OLEDs, 3797
L. Rothberg, A. Lovinger (1996)
Status of and prospects for organic electroluminescenceJournal of Materials Research, 11
D. Kondakov, R. Young (2010)
Variable sensitivity of organic light-emitting diodes to operation-induced chemical degradation: Nature of the antagonistic relationship between lifetime and efficiencyJournal of Applied Physics, 108
A. Chwang, R. Kwong, Julie Brown (2003)
Graded mixed-layer OLEDs, 4800
J. Laubender, L. Chkoda, M. Sokolowski, E. Umbach (2000)
The influence of oxygen and air on the characteristics of organic light-emitting devices studied by in vacuo measurementsSynthetic Metals, 111
D. Kondakov, William Lenhart, W. Nichols (2007)
Operational degradation of organic light-emitting diodes: Mechanism and identification of chemical productsJournal of Applied Physics, 101
Yukio Sato, S. Ichinosawa, H. Kanai (1998)
Operation characteristics and degradation of organic electroluminescent devicesIEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 4
S. Kim, J. Jang, Jae-Min Hong, Jun Lee (2007)
High efficiency phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes using triplet quantum well structureApplied Physics Letters, 90
Aziz, Popović, Hu, Hor, Xu (1999)
Degradation mechanism of small molecule-based organic light-emitting devicesScience, 283 5409
A. Salem (2006)
Fluorimetric determinations of nucleic acids using iron, osmium and samarium complexes of 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline.Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy, 65 1
J. Knox, M. Halls, H. Hratchian, H. Schlegel (2006)
Chemical failure modes of AlQ3-based OLEDs: AlQ3 hydrolysis.Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP, 8 12
C. Adachi, K. Nagai, N. Tamoto (1995)
Molecular design of hole transport materials for obtaining high durability in organic electroluminescent diodesApplied Physics Letters, 66
L. Ke, R. Kumar, A. Burden, S. Chua (2005)
Blocking Impurities in Organic Light Emitting Device by Inserting Parylene InterlayerJapanese Journal of Applied Physics, 44
Toshiki Yamada, Dechun Zou, Hyein Jeong, Y. Akaki, T. Tsutsui (2000)
Recoverable degradation and internal field forming process accompanied by the orientation of dipoles in organic light emitting diodesSynthetic Metals, 111
T. Tsutsui, Moon-Jae Yang, M. Yahiro, Kenji Nakamura, Teruichi Watanabe, T. Tsuji, Yoshinori Fukuda, T. Wakimoto, S. Miyaguchi (1999)
High Quantum Efficiency in Organic Light-Emitting Devices with Iridium-Complex as a Triplet Emissive CenterJapanese Journal of Applied Physics, 38
S. Reineke, M. Thomschke, B. Lussem, K. Leo (2013)
White organic light-emitting diodes: Status and perspectiveReviews of Modern Physics, 85
E. Han, L. Do, N. Yamamoto, M. Fujihira (1996)
Crystallization of organic thin films for electroluminescent devicesThin Solid Films, 273
Shuang-fang Lim, L. Ke, Wen Wang, S. Chua (2001)
Correlation between dark spot growth and pinhole size in organic light-emitting diodesApplied Physics Letters, 78
Shui-Tong Lee, Z. Gao, L. Hung (1999)
Metal diffusion from electrodes in organic light-emitting diodesApplied Physics Letters, 75
M. Kawaharada, Mitsuma Ooishi, T. Saito, E. Hasegawa (1997)
Nuclei of dark spots in organic EL devices: detection by DFM and observation of the microstructure by TEMSynthetic Metals, 91
L. Do, M. Oyamada, A. Koike, E. Han, N. Yamamoto, M. Fujihira (1996)
Morphological change in the degradation of Al electrode surfaces of electroluminescent devices by fluorescence microscopy and AFMThin Solid Films, 273
Z. Kin, H. Kajii, Y. Ohmori (2006)
Patterning of organic light-emitting diodes utilizing a sputter deposited amorphous carbon nitride buffer layerThin Solid Films, 499
Ruiqin Zhang, W. Lu, Chun‐Sing Lee, L. Hung, Shui-Tong Lee (2002)
Metal/Alq3 interactions in organic light emitting devices: The different roles of Mg, Al, and Li atomsJournal of Chemical Physics, 116
T. Chu, Szu-Yi Chen, Jenn‐Fang Chen, Chin Chen (2006)
Ultrathin Electron Injection Layer on Indium–Tin Oxide Bottom Cathode for Highly Efficient Inverted Organic Light-Emitting DiodesJapanese Journal of Applied Physics, 45
S. Olthof, W. Tress, R. Meerheim, B. Lüssem, K. Leo (2009)
Photoelectron spectroscopy study of systematically varied doping concentrations in an organic semiconductor layer using a molecular p-dopantJournal of Applied Physics, 106
S. Scholz, R. Meerheim, B. Lüssem, K. Leo (2009)
Laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry : A predictive tool for the lifetime of organic light emitting devicesApplied Physics Letters, 94
M. Fung, Z. Gao, Chun‐Sing Lee, Shui-Tong Lee (2001)
Inhibition of dark spots growth in organic electroluminescent devicesChemical Physics Letters, 333
T. Satoh, H. Fujikawa, Y. Taga (2005)
Influence of indium tin oxide electrodes deposited at room temperature on the properties of organic light-emitting devicesApplied Physics Letters, 87
Y. Hamada, C. Adachi, Tetsuo Tsutsui, Shogo Saito (1992)
Blue-Light-Emitting Organic Electroluminescent Devices with Oxadiazole Dimer Dyes as an EmitterJapanese Journal of Applied Physics, 31
A. Delcorte, S. Hermans, M. Devillers, N. Lourette, F. Aubriet, J. Muller, P. Bertrand (2004)
Desorption/ionization of molecular nanoclusters: SIMS versus MALDIApplied Surface Science, 231
Mingsheng Xu, J. Xu (2004)
Real-time visualization of thermally activated degradation of the ITO/CuPC/NPB/Alq3 stack used in one of the organic light-emitting diodesJournal of Physics D, 37
V. Choong, Jun Shen, J. Curless, Song Shi, Jie Yang, F. So (2000)
Efficient and durable organic alloys for electroluminescent displaysJournal of Physics D, 33
K. Higginson, Xian‐Man Zhang, F. Papadimitrakopoulos (1998)
Thermal and Morphological Effects on the Hydrolytic Stability of Aluminum Tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) (Alq3)Chemistry of Materials, 10
J. Burroughes, D. Bradley, A. Brown, R. Marks, K. Mackay, R. Friend, P. Burns, A. Holmes (1990)
Light-emitting diodes based on conjugated polymersNature, 347
Yichun Luo, H. Aziz, Gu Xu, Z. Popović (2007)
Similar Roles of Electrons and Holes in Luminescence Degradation of Organic Light-Emitting DevicesChemistry of Materials, 19
Toshihiro Iwakuma, Takashi Aragane, Y. Hironaka, K. Fukuoka, H. Ikada, C. Hosokawa, T. Kusomoto (2002)
P‐98: Red and White EL Materials Based on a New Fused Aromatic RingSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 33
V. Sivasubramaniam, F. Brodkorb, S. Hanning, H. Loebl, V. Elsbergen, H. Boerner, U. Scherf, M. Kreyenschmidt (2009)
Investigation of FIrpic in PhOLEDs via LC/MS techniqueCentral European Journal of Chemistry, 7
Sijin Han, Yanyan Yuan, D. Grozea, Zhenghong Lu (2006)
Superluminescent organic light-emitting diode with a novel anode structure, 6134
J.S. Lewis, M. Weaver (2004)
Thin-film permeation-barrier technology for flexible organic light-emitting devicesIEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 10
S. Slyke, Chin Chen, C. Tang (1996)
Organic electroluminescent devices with improved stabilityApplied Physics Letters, 69
P. Djurovich, E. Mayo, S. Forrest, M. Thompson (2009)
Measurement of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies of molecular organic semiconductorsOrganic Electronics, 10
S. Reineke, K. Walzer, K. Leo (2007)
Triplet-exciton quenching in organic phosphorescent light-emitting diodes with Ir-based emittersPhysical Review B, 75
R. Fletcher, M. Radler, Wei Wu, M. Bernius, J. O'Brien, S. Kaczan, T. Honeman (2004)
23.2: Understanding the Dominant Charge Carrier in Polyfluorenes: Its Consequences for Lifetime and EfficiencySID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 35
B. D’Andrade, S. Forrest, A. Chwang (2003)
Operational stability of electrophosphorescent devices containing p and n doped transport layersApplied Physics Letters, 83
A. Chwang, M. Rothman, S. Mao, R. Hewitt, M. Weaver, Jeff Silvernail, K. Rajan, M. Hack, Julie Brown, Xinjun Chu, L. Moro, Todd Krajewski, N. Rutherford (2003)
Thin film encapsulated flexible organic electroluminescent displaysApplied Physics Letters, 83
Qi Wang, Yichun Luo, H. Aziz (2010)
Evidence of intermolecular species formation with electrical aging in anthracene-based blue organic light-emitting devicesJournal of Applied Physics, 107
Y. Yamashita (2009)
Organic semiconductors for organic field-effect transistorsScience and Technology of Advanced Materials, 10
S. Nowy, W. Ren, A. Elschner, Wilfried Lövenich, W. Brütting (2010)
Impedance spectroscopy as a probe for the degradation of organic light-emitting diodesJournal of Applied Physics, 107
E. List, R. Guentner, P. Freitas, U. Scherf (2002)
The Effect of Keto Defect Sites on the Emission Properties of Polyfluorene-Type MaterialsAdvanced Materials, 14
Yunlong Guo, G. Yu, Yunqi Liu (2010)
Functional Organic Field‐Effect TransistorsAdvanced Materials, 22
J. Shen, D. Wang, E. Langlois, W. Barrow, Patrick Green, Ching Tang, Jianmin Shi (2000)
Degradation mechanisms in organic light emitting diodesSynthetic Metals, 111
John Lewis (2006)
Material challenge for flexible organic devicesMaterials Today, 9
Xiang-yang Zhou, Junpo He, L. Liao, Ming Lu, X. Ding, X. Hou, X. Zhang, X. He, Shui-Tong Lee (2000)
Real-Time Observation of Temperature Rise and Thermal Breakdown Processes in Organic LEDs Using an IR Imaging and Analysis SystemAdvanced Materials, 12
C. Salati, G. Mignoni, M. Zha, L. Zanotti, C. Mucchino, R. Righini, P. Foggi, C. Paorici (2000)
Purification of organic compounds in high-quality crystal growth processMaterials Chemistry and Physics, 66
H. Spreitzer, H. Vestweber, P. Stoessel, H. Becker (2001)
White and blue temperature stable and efficient OLEDs using amorphous spiro transport and spiro emitting compounds, 4105
L. Hung, L. Zheng, M. Mason (2001)
Anode modification in organic light-emitting diodes by low-frequency plasma polymerization of CHF3Applied Physics Letters, 78
A. Rajagopal, A. Kahn (1998)
Photoemission spectroscopy investigation of magnesium–Alq3 interfacesJournal of Applied Physics, 84
Tswen‐Hsin Liu, Chung-Yeh Iou, Chin Chen (2005)
Development of highly stable organic electroluminescent devices with a doped co-host emitter systemCurrent Applied Physics, 5
N. Giebink, B. D’Andrade, M. Weaver, P. Mackenzie, Julie Brown, M. Thompson, S. Forrest (2008)
Intrinsic luminance loss in phosphorescent small-molecule organic light emitting devices due to bimolecular annihilation reactionsJournal of Applied Physics, 103
P. Fenter, F. Schreiber, V. Bulović, S. Forrest (1997)
Thermally induced failure mechanisms of organic light emitting device structures probed by X-ray specular reflectivityChemical Physics Letters, 277
M. Mason, L. Hung, C. Tang, Shui-Tong Lee, Kok Wong, M. Wang (1999)
CHARACTERIZATION OF TREATED INDIUM-TIN-OXIDE SURFACES USED IN ELECTROLUMINESCENT DEVICESJournal of Applied Physics, 86
Michio Arai, K. Nakaya, O. Onitsuka, Tetsushi Inoue, Mitsufumi Codama, Masaru Tanaka, H. Tanabe (1997)
Passive matrix display of organic LEDsSynthetic Metals, 91
S. Olthof, R. Meerheim, M. Schober, K. Leo (2009)
Energy level alignment at the interfaces in a multilayer organic light-emitting diode structurePhysical Review B, 79
P. Kobrin, R. Fisher, A. Gurrola (2004)
Reversible photodegradation of organic light-emitting diodesApplied Physics Letters, 85
Y. Noguchi, T. Tamura, H. Kim, H. Ishii (2012)
Device properties of Alq3-based organic light-emitting diodes studied by displacement current measurementJournal of Photonics for Energy, 2
A. Batagin‐Neto, A. Assis, J. Lima, C. Magon, L. Yan, M. Shao, B. Hu, C. Graeff (2014)
Light-Induced Structural Change in Iridium Complexes Studied by Electron Spin Resonance.The journal of physical chemistry. A, 118 21
M. Yan, Lewis Rothberg, F. Papadimitrakopoulos, M. Galvin, Timothy Miller (1994)
Defect quenching of conjugated polymer luminescence.Physical review letters, 73 5
Yoon-Fei Liew, F. Zhu, S. Chua, Jianxin Tang (2004)
Tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum-modified indium tin oxide for enhancing the efficiency and reliability of organic light-emitting devicesApplied Physics Letters, 85
H. Grandin, S. Tadayyon, W. Lennard, K. Griffiths, L. Coatsworth, P. Norton, Z. Popović, H. Aziz, N. Hu (2003)
Rutherford backscattering and secondary ion mass spectrometry investigation of Mg:Ag–tris(8-hydroxy quinoline) aluminum interfacesOrganic Electronics, 4
T. Chu, Yong‐Han Lee, O. Song (2007)
Effects of interfacial stability between electron transporting layer and cathode on the degradation process of organic light-emitting diodesApplied Physics Letters, 91
P. Biagioni, M. Celebrano, M. Zavelani‐Rossi, D. Polli, M. Labardi, G. Lanzani, G. Cerullo, M. Finazzi, L. Duò (2007)
High-resolution imaging of local oxidation in polyfluorene thin films by nonlinear near-field microscopyApplied Physics Letters, 91
M. Baldo, D. O'brien, Yujian You, A. Shoustikov, S. Sibley, S. Sibley, M. Thompson, S. Forrest (1998)
Highly efficient phosphorescent emission from organic electroluminescent devicesNature, 395
Z. Gao, W. Lai, T. Wong, Chun‐Sing Lee, I. Bello, Shui-Tong Lee (1999)
Organic electroluminescent devices by high-temperature processing and crystalline hole transporting layerApplied Physics Letters, 74
Yichun Luo, H. Aziz (2009)
Space charge effects on the electroluminescence efficiency and stability of organic light-emitting devices with mixed emitting layersApplied Physics Letters, 95
Young Lee, Ho-Nyeon Lee, Sungkee Kang, T. Oh, Soonil Lee, K. Koh (2006)
Fabrication of highly efficient and stable doped red organic light-emitting device using 2-methyl-9,10-di(2-napthyl)anthracene and tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum as cohost materialsApplied Physics Letters, 89
C. Hosokawa, H. Higashi, H. Nakamura, T. Kusumoto (1995)
Highly efficient blue electroluminescence from a distyrylarylene emitting layer with a new dopantApplied Physics Letters, 67
Y. Tyan (2011)
Organic light-emitting-diode lighting overviewJournal of Photonics for Energy, 1
N. Grossiord, J. Kroon, R. Andriessen, P. Blom (2012)
Degradation mechanisms in organic photovoltaic devicesOrganic Electronics, 13
K. Sugiyama, D. Yoshimura, T. Miyamae, T. Miyazaki, H. Ishii, Y. Ouchi, K. Seki (1998)
Electronic structures of organic molecular materials for organic electroluminescent devices studied by ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopyJournal of Applied Physics, 83
H. Shin, Min-chul Suh (2014)
Effect of the thermal evaporation rate of Al cathodes on organic light emitting diodesMaterials Science and Engineering B-advanced Functional Solid-state Materials, 188
Jun Lee (2006)
17.3: Study of Light Emission Mechanism and Long Lifetime in Phosphorescent Organic Light Emitting Diodes Using Graded Doping StructureSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 37
Xingxue Wang, X. Gao, Yan‐Bao Zhou, Zuoti Xie, Qi Song, X. Ding, X. Hou (2008)
Photodegradation of organic light-emitting devices observed in nitrogen-filled environmentThin Solid Films, 516
H. Heil, G. Andress, R. Schmechel, H. Seggern, J. Steiger, K. Bonrad, R. Sprengard (2005)
Sunlight stability of organic light-emitting diodesJournal of Applied Physics, 97
M. Jørgensen, K. Norrman, F. Krebs (2008)
Stability/degradation of polymer solar cellsSolar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 92
D. Bradley (1987)
Precursor-route poly(p-phenylenevinylene): polymer characterisation and control of electronic propertiesJournal of Physics D, 20
A. Pinato, A. Cester, M. Meneghini, N. Wrachien, A. Tazzoli, S. Xia, V. Adamovich, M. Weaver, J.J. Brown, E. Zanoni, G. Meneghesso (2010)
Impact of Trapped Charge and Interface Defects on the Degradation of the Optical and Electrical Characteristics in $\hbox{NPD/Alq}_{3}$ OLEDsIEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 57
Shih-Nan Lee, S. Hwang, Chin Chen (2007)
Thin-Film Encapsulation of Thin-Cathode Organic Light-Emitting DevicesJapanese Journal of Applied Physics, 46
M. Cölle, W. Brütting (2004)
Thermal, structural and photophysical properties of the organic semiconductor Alq3Physica Status Solidi (a), 201
Heh-Nan Lin, Sy-Hann Chen, G. Perng, S. Chen (2001)
Nanoscale surface electrical properties of indium–tin–oxide films for organic light emitting diodes investigated by conducting atomic force microscopyJournal of Applied Physics, 89
G. Sauer, M. Kilo, M. Hund, A. Wokaun, S. Karg, M. Meier, W. Riess, M. Schwoerer, H. Suzuki, J. Simmerer, H. Meyer, D. Haarer (1995)
Characterization of polymeric light emitting diodes by SIMS depth profiling analysisFresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 353
V. Adamovich, M. Weaver, R. Kwong, Julie Brown (2005)
High temperature operation and stability of phosphorescent OLEDsCurrent Applied Physics, 5
M. Scharnberg, Jing-yu Hu, J. Kanzow, K. Rätzke, R. Adelung, F. Faupel, C. Pannemann, U. Hilleringmann, S. Meyer, J. Pflaum (2005)
Radiotracer measurements as a sensitive tool for the detection of metal penetration in molecular-based organic electronicsApplied Physics Letters, 86
Jun Shen, D. Wang, E. Langlois, Jie Yang (2000)
Degradation mechanisms in organic light-emitting diodes, 4105
Jingsong Huang, M. Pfeiffer, A. Werner, J. Blochwitz, K. Leo, Shiyong Liu (2002)
Low-voltage organic electroluminescent devices using pin structuresApplied Physics Letters, 80
A. Fischer, P. Pahner, B. Lüssem, K. Leo, R. Scholz, T. Koprucki, J. Fuhrmann, K. Gärtner, A. Glitzky (2012)
Self-heating effects in organic semiconductor crossbar structures with small active areaOrganic Electronics, 13
T. Hatwar, C. Brown, L. Cosimbescu, M. Ricks, J. Spindler, W. Begley, J. Vargas (2004)
Development in OLED formulations with improved efficiency and stability, 5519
Chemical Reviews – Pubmed
Published: Nov 5, 2015
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.