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Modeling groundwater potential zones of Puruliya district, West Bengal, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques

Modeling groundwater potential zones of Puruliya district, West Bengal, India using remote... GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 2019, VOL. 3, NO. 3, 223–237 INWASCON https://doi.org/10.1080/24749508.2018.1555740 RESEARCH ARTICLE Modeling groundwater potential zones of Puruliya district, West Bengal, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques Biswajit Das , Subodh Chandra Pal , Sadhan Malik and Rabin Chakrabortty Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Received 19 April 2018 Remote sensing and geographical information system (RS-GIS) have become a leading tool Accepted 2 December 2018 for modeling and mapping of groundwater resources. An attempt has been made to delineate the groundwater potential zones of Puruliya district using the integrated RS-GIS KEYWORDS and AHP techniques. All the themes and their features have been assigned weights according Groundwater; Puruliya; AHP; to their relative importance and their normalized weights were calculated after the hierarch- GIS; weighted overlay model ical ranking by pair-wise comparison matrix of analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Groundwater potential map has been prepared through weighted overlay model in GIS environment after integrating all the thematic layers. The entire district has been classified into three different groundwater potential zones—high, moderate, and low. Greater portion of the study area (60.92%) fall within the moderate potentiality zone, about 22.55% and 16.53% of the total area fall under the high and low potential zone, respectively. Potential zones have been validated with the groundwater yield data, 10 out of 14 validation points (71.43%), matches with the expected yield classes. It shows that the applied method pro- duces significantly reliable results for the present study which can help the decision makers to formulate an effective plan for the study area. 1. Introduction countries (Barlow & Clarke, 2002). The exploitation of groundwater has taken place at a speed which does Water is an important part of our day-to-day life. not allow the water table to recover its losses. Human civilization depends heavily upon the water. Recharge process is inadequate in comparison of the Although more than 70% of the earth’s surface is rate of extraction. As a result of this, shallow aquifers covered with water, we can only use merely 1% of are drying up and drought-like situation is happening the total water. Almost 97% of the total water is saline over large parts of the country during pre-monsoon by nature and rest of the 3% remains as freshwater. season. Most of the freshwater is stored as ice in glaciers and Identification of groundwater potential zones is polar ice sheets. Almost 30% of total freshwater is very important for the optimum utilization and stored in aquifers as groundwater and less than 1% is conservation of this precious resource (Hutti & available at lakes and rivers (Chow, Maidment, & Nijagunappa, 2011). Test drilling and stratigraphy Mays, 1988). There is a tremendous pressure on analysis are the conventional and reliable methods freshwater resources all over the world, especially in for determining the location of aquifers, but this the developing countries. In India, demand for water method is very costly and time-consuming. Remote is growing at an alarming rate (Black & Talbot, 2005; sensing and geographic information system (RS- Holden, 2014). India is heavily dependent on ground- GIS) technologies have emerged as an important water for various purposes. Groundwater provides tool for mapping the groundwater resources (Jha, 80–90% of domestic water supply in rural areas. Chowdhury, Chowdary, & Peiffer, 2007). Several A total of 50% of urban and industrial demand is factors such as geology, topography, climatic con- also dependent on groundwater. It also provides ditions, soil, land use land cover, etc. control the water for more than 50% of the irrigated area availability of groundwater in an area. Researchers (Central Ground Water Board, 2014). have successfully used RS-GIS techniques to inte- Groundwater is used heavily for various purposes grate these factors for modeling the groundwater as it can be accessed more cheaply and easily. potential zones in hard rocky terrain (Das, 2017; Groundwater level is declining due to excessive Fashae, Tijani, Talabi, & Adedeji, 2014;Ghosh, groundwater extraction. The amount of groundwater Bandyopadhyay, & Jana, 2016;Gupta &Srivastava, is decreasing day by day. There will be a severe fresh- 2010; Hutti & Nijagunappa, 2011;Mukherjee, water crisis within next 10–15 years in most of the Singh, & Mukherjee, 2012). CONTACT Subodh Chandra Pal [email protected] Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of the International Water, Air & Soil Conservation Society (INWASCON). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 224 B. DAS ET AL. Figure 1. Location of the study area (a) India, (b) West Bengal, and (c) Puruliya district. Integrated RS-GIS technique has been applied suc- Dey, 2014; Jaiswal, Mukherjee, Krishnamurthy, & cessfully for demarcating groundwater prospect zones in Saxena, 2003; Jothibasu & Anbazhagan, 2017; different watersheds as well as in administrative units Murugesan, Krishnaraj, Kannusamy, Selvaraj, & (Choudhari, Nigam, Singh, & Thakur, 2018; Subramanya, 2011; Nagarajan & Singh, 2009;Pothiraj Chowdhury, Jha, Chowdary, & Mal, 2009; Deepa, & Rajagopalan, 2013; Prasad, Mondal, Banerjee, Venkateswaran, Ayyandurai, Kannan, & Prabhu, 2016; Nandakumar, & Singh, 2008; Sar, Khan, Chatterjee, & GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 225 Das, 2015). Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) of Multi- district (Das,Gupta,&Ghosh, 2017). DRASTIC model Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) has been success- was applied for groundwater vulnerability in Katri fully applied with RS-GIS technique to assess the ground- Watershed (Ghosh, Tiwari, & Das, 2015). RS-GIS tech- water potentiality in various regions (Jha, Chowdary, & nique is also used for mapping of artificial recharge zone Chowdhury, 2010; Jhariya, Kumar, Gobinath, Diwan, & in Indian Punjab region (Singh, Panda, Kumar, & Kishore, 2016; Machiwal, Jha, & Mal, 2011;Machiwal, Sharma, 2013). Rangi, & Sharma, 2015; Saha, 2017). RS-GIS and multi Delineation of groundwater potential zones through influencing factor (MIF) techniques were used for proper modeling approach is essential to handle the groundwater potential mapping in the rocky terrain of water scarcity problem of drought-prone region. Very Theni district (Magesh, Chandrasekar, & few studies have been done over Puruliya district Soundranayagam, 2012), semi-arid region of Hingoli regarding the water issues. The objective of this study Table 1. Detailed sources of database. Attribute Source Geology Geological Survey of India [Scale—1:250,000] Lineaments Geological Survey of India [Scale—1:250,000] Slope SRTM DEM, USGS Rainfall Central Ground Water Board, Government of India [Scale—1:1,000,000] Soil National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning (NBSS&LUP), Kolkata [Scale—1:1,000,000] Land use land cover LANDSAT 8, USGS [(Path/Row: 139/44, Acquired date: 2016–03-17, Scene center time: 04:36:59.8277429Z) and (Path/Row: 140/44, Acquired date: 2016–04-25, Scene center time: 04:42:52.2812010Z)] Water table data Central Ground Water Board, Government of India Yield of the bore wells West Bengal Accelarated Development of Minor Irrigation Project, Government of West Bengal Collection of data and maps Remote sensing data Groundwater Published maps monitoring data SRTM Satellite Interpolation using Soil Geology Lineament Rainfall DEM image IDW tool texture Processing in Image enhancement and Digitization, rectification ArcGIS classification Thematic Layers (Geology, Lineament density, Soil texture, Rainfall, Slope, Land Use Land Cover, Groundwater fluctuation) Ranking of themes and classes by pair wise Individual Weight assignment and comparison matrix of AHP normalization of weight Application of Weighted Overlay Model with Reclassification of the thematic layers on the the normalized Theme weight basis of normalized Class weight Mapping of Groundwater Potential Zones and Validation Figure 2. Flowchart of methodology. 226 B. DAS ET AL. is to identify the groundwater potential zones of of West Bengal, 1985; Roy, 2014). But it is also found Puruliya district of West Bengal through RS-GIS and in deep fractures (50–60 m below ground) of hard AHP techniques. crystalline rocks. There is a certain limit of its avail- ability due to the physical setting of the district. It is one of the backward districts of West Bengal in terms 2. Study area of economy and human development (Government of West Bengal, 1985). The district is suffering from Puruliya is the westernmost district of West Bengal. acute water shortages for a long time and water The study area is situated between 22°42ʹ35” N—23° scarcity is a major issue for the socio-economic devel- 42ʹ00” N and 85°49ʹ25” E—86°54ʹ37” E(Figure 1). It opment of Puruliya. Surface water bodies dries up comprises 20 community development blocks every year during the summer season, people depend (administrative units) with a total area of 6259 km on groundwater for domestic, irrigation and other (Government of West Bengal, 1985). It is quite various purposes during this time, but excessive use unique in physical setting. It is underlain by mainly of groundwater has worsened the situation. metamorphic rocks. Influence of the Chhotanagpur Therefore, proper evaluation, planning, and manage- plateau and Ranchi peneplains can be seen in the ment of groundwater are essential for this region. entire district. Porosity and permeability are very low in this hard rocky terrain. Impervious crystalline rocks are the main hindrance to the development of 3. Materials and methods proper aquifer system. Groundwater occurs in shal- low fractures and weathered mantles and remains in Various types of data have been used for the present unconfined or semi-confined condition (Government work. Detailed sources of the database are given in Figure 3. Geology of Puruliya district. GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 227 Table 1. ArcGIS 10.1 and ERDAS IMAGINE 2014 class weight have been taken from their ranking through software has been used for the representation of the the AHP. AHP technique is the most widely used under data. multi-criteria decision analysis for natural resource man- Integrated RS-GIS and AHP techniques have been agement, site selection, suitability analysis, etc. used to delineate the groundwater potential zone. This (Malczewski, 2006; Malczewski & Rinner, 2015). method is very useful as it is less expensive and very much Geologists and hydrologists have been consulted for the suitable for developing countries where adequate and individual weights of the themes and their features for good quality data are lacking for this type of evaluation. proper evaluation. The weights of the themes and their The thematic layers of geology, slope, lineament density, features were assigned on a scale of 1–9 based on their land use land cover, soil, rainfall and groundwater fluc- influences. All the themes and their classes with normal- tuation has been used for the delineation of groundwater ized weights were integrated into the weighted overlay potential zones (Figure 2). model in Arc GIS software to demarcate the groundwater Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is very useful for potential zones. Groundwater potential index has been the multi-parametric evaluation (Saaty, 1980). It has been calculated using the following equation (Malczewski, used to identify the themes with their rank and priority as 1999;Rao & Briz-Kishore, 1991): it helps to arrange the criterions in hierarchical order GWPI ¼ ½ðÞ GE  GE þðÞ SL  SL w wi w wi through pair-wise comparison matrix. Consistency þðÞ LD  LD þðÞ LU  LU w wi w wi Index and Consistency Ratio have been calculated according to the procedure recommended by Saaty þðÞ ST  ST þðÞ RF  RF w wi w wi (1980). Decisions regarding the individual theme and þðÞ GF  GF w wi Figure 4. Lineament density of Puruliya district. 228 B. DAS ET AL. where, GWPI refers to groundwater potential index, and Quaternary ages are found in the district GE stands for geology, SL for slope, LD for lineament (Geological Survey of India, 2001). density, LU for land use land cover, ST for soil There are numerous rocks and minerals present in texture, RF for rainfall and GF for groundwater fluc- the district. Granite, gneiss, schist, phyllite, quartzite, tuation, the subscripts w and wi refers to the normal- sandstone, shale, mica, feldspar, china clay are abun- ized weight of a theme and normalized weight of dant in nature (Geological Survey of India, 2001). The individual features of a theme, respectively. most common rocks are granites and granite gneisses. Intrusive granite is present in large extent throughout the northern and western part, it constitutes about 4. Results and discussion 844.34 km or 13.49% of the district. Granite gneiss is present throughout the whole district and it covers 4.1 Preparation of thematic layers 4032.67 km or 64.43% of total area. Phyllite and mica- 4.1.1. Geology schist are part of Singhbhum group, which is present in Geologically Puruliya district is a part of the penin- the southern part and in some patches over the western sular shield, which was formed in the Archaean era and northern part. It covers almost 950.12 km or (Government of West Bengal, 1985). Diverse groups 15.18% of the district. Patches of Dalma lava is present of rocks from various geological ages including in the form of metamorphosed volcanic rocks and it is Chhotanagpur gneissic complex, meta-sedimentaries scattered in the southern and eastern part. This consti- of Singhbhum group, intrusive Granites, volcanic tutes about 4.81% or 301.06 km of the total area. rocks of Dalma group and sediments of Gondwana Sedimentary rocks of Gondwana age like sandstone is Figure 5. Slope map of Puruliya district. GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 229 present in the north-eastern part in a small extent, it the geological map of Puruliya district and lineament covers only 130.81 km or 2.09% (Figure 3). Hard rocky density map has been prepared in the ArcGIS soft- terrain creates difficulties in the infiltration process, ware. Lineament density is high (>0.3 km/km )in only the weathered and fractured areas form good western and central parts whereas it is moderate potentiality zones for groundwater. Thin strip of allu- (0.15–0.3 km/km ) in some patches throughout the vium deposits is seen along the stream courses, which district. Lineament density is low (<0.15 km/km )in could also be good potentiality zone. most of the areas (Figure 4). 4.1.2. Lineament density 4.1.3. Slope Lineaments are linear and curvilinear structural fea- Slope is a major factor which controls the infiltration tures which play a major role in groundwater occur- of surface water into the subsurface. Surface run-off is rences and movements (Prasad et al., 2008; Rao, slow in gentle slope area which allows more time to 2006). In the hard rocky areas like Puruliya, occur- percolate whereas high slope area allows less infiltra- rences of groundwater depend on secondary porosity tion. The general elevation ranges between 150 and and permeability (Acharya & Nag, 2013). Lineaments 300 m (Government of West Bengal, 1985), major like joints and fractures help to infiltrate the surface part of the district is characterized by undulating run-off to subsurface. Lineaments are considered to topography. Some residual hills are scattered in dif- be good potentials for groundwater. ferent parts of the district. Lineament density influences the development of Slope map has been prepared in the ArcGIS software groundwater. Lineaments have been collected from using the SRTM DEM. The general slope of the district Figure 6. Rainfall map of Puruliya district. 230 B. DAS ET AL. is from west to east. Ajodhya and Panchet are the two the occurrences and availability of groundwater, major hills, which are situated in the western and north- because most of the water goes away as surface run- ern part, respectively. Slope ranges between 2° and 5° off due to the hard rocky terrain. for a major part of the district (Figure 5). Steep slope is present in the hilly areas. Low slope is favorable for 4.1.5. Soil texture groundwaterrechargewhereas high slopeofhilly areas Infiltration capacity heavily depends on the soil texture. is the main hindrance to groundwater recharge. Porosity and permeability are directly influenced by texture. Infiltration capacity of the fine-grained soil is 4.1.4 Rainfall low compared to coarse-grained soil because of porosity Dry tropical climate prevails in the district. Average and permeability. Soil cover is very thin in this study annual rainfall for the district is around 1200–1400 mm area and it is composed of sandy and reddish materials (Government of West Bengal, 1985). A total of 80–85% of which are derived from the weathering of granite and total rainfall happens during the July–September period, gneiss. Granitic and Lateritic—these are the two major south-west monsoon is the main source of rainfall. types of soils which have been observed in the district. Puruliya often suffers drought condition due to shortage Soil is acidic in nature and the fertility is low (National of rainfall. Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, 2010). Rainfall map has been collected from the Central Various types of soil texture are present in the Ground Water Board. Southern part of the district different parts of the district. Fine loamy soil covers receives maximum rainfall, whereas eastern and cen- 1852.04 km or 29.59% of the district, gravelly loam— tral part gets minimum rainfall (Figure 6). But this loam constitutes about 1759.4 km or 28.11%. Fine soil little variation in rainfall has no major influence on covers almost 1343.81 km (21.47%) whereas fine Figure 7. Soil texture map of Puruliya district. GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 231 loamy to coarse loamy covers about 779.25 km sample points were used to check the accuracy of the (12.45%). Gravelly loamy and coarse loamy covers classification. The overall accuracy and kappa coefficient 2 2 498.21 km (7.96%) and 26.29 km (0.42%), respec- value of the classification are 96.67 and 95.87, respec- tively (Figure 7). Porosity and permeability are mod- tively. Majority of land is under the forest cover, decid- erate to high in coarse loamy and gravelly loam soils, uous type of forest is present in the district. Agricultural but it is much low in case of fine and fine loamy soils. activities depend on the monsoon rainfall, most of the land remains vacant during the non-monsoon season. Irregular and disperse type of rural settlements are found 4.1.6. Land use land cover all over the district, but in some parts agglomerated urban Land use land cover is one of the main parameters which settlements are also observed (Figure 8). influence the occurrence and development of ground- water. Different types of land use act differently in the run-off and infiltration capacities. Forest area is gener- 4.1.7. Groundwater fluctuation ally favorable for groundwater recharge. Forest cover Groundwater level of pre-monsoon and post-monsoon increases the infiltration rate, whereas fallow land and reflects the actual groundwater condition of the area. built-up area increase the run-off. Most of the rivers are Groundwater level data of different observatory wells non-perennial and flows only in monsoon season. for the time period of 2012–2015 has been collected Land use land cover map has been prepared from from the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). a mosaicked Landsat OLI-TIRS imagery. Unsupervised Locations of groundwater observatory wells are given in image classification technique was applied to the bands 2, Figure 1(c). The mean pre-monsoon groundwater level 3, 4, and 5 to obtain major LULC features. A total of 145 variesfrom3to12mbelowgroundwithamajorityofthe Figure 8. Land use land cover of Puruliya district. 232 B. DAS ET AL. area having mean pre-monsoon groundwater depth of 5 Inverse distance weighted technique is applied in the to 8 m. On the other hand, mean post-monsoon ground- GIS environment for the interpolation of the ground- water level varies from 1 to 7 m. water level data. Groundwater level for the pre- Figure 9. Fluctuation in groundwater level. Table 2. Pair-wise comparison matrix for AHP. Theme Geology Slope LULC Soil texture Rainfall Lineament density GW fluctuation Geology 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 Slope 0.50 1 2 3 3 3 4 LULC 0.50 0.50 1 2 3 3 4 Soil texture 0.50 0.33 0.50 1 3 3 4 Rainfall 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 1 2 2 Lineament density 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.50 1 3 GW fluctuation 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.50 0.33 1 Table 3. Priority and rank of themes. Table 4. Assigned weights of the themes. Theme Priority Rank Theme Weight Geology 26.5% 1 Geology 8 Slope 23.4% 2 Slope 7 LULC 17.6% 3 Land use land cover 6 Soil texture 14.0% 4 Soil texture 5 Rainfall 7.6% 5 Rainfall 3 Lineament density 6.8% 6 Lineament density 2 GW fluctuation 4.1% 7 Groundwater fluctuation 1 GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 233 monsoon is very low in parts of Manbazar-I, Manbazar- a reciprocal matrix. Ultimately a vector of criterion II, Bandowan, Jhalda-I, Jhalda-II, Hura, and weights, w ¼½ w1; w2; ... ; w are obtained from the Balarampur blocks. It increases in the post-monsoon pair-wise comparison matrix. The weights are season and reaches close to the surface in Puruliya-I, attained from the equation, C ¼ λ w where λ w max max Puruliya-II, Neturia, Santuri, Raghunathpur-I, is the largest eigen value of C (Malczewski & Rinner, Raghunathpur-II, and Puncha blocks. 2015; Saaty, 1980). Consistency ratio of the pair-wise Higher groundwater fluctuation indicates excellent comparison matrix is 5.1%, which is below the 10% recharge capacity and in turn, it reflects the good limit suggested by Saaty (1980). potentiality zones of groundwater. Fluctuation rate is Individual weights are assigned to the themes high in parts of Manbazar-I, Manbazar-II, Bandowan, according to the hierarchical ranking from AHP and Balarampur blocks whereas the rate is low in parts analysis. The weights assigned to different themes of Puruliya-II, Baghmundi, Jhalda-I, and Para blocks are presented in Table 4 and the process of obtain- (Figure 9). ing the normalized weight is presented in Table 5. Priority, rank, and consistency ratio has been calculated for different classes of each theme in 4.2 Groundwater potential zoning thesameway as presentedin Tables 2 and 3. Consistency ratio for features of geology, slope, Pair-wise comparison matrix (Table 2) has been done LULC, soil texture, rainfall, lineament density, and according to the AHP technique to identify the prior- groundwater fluctuation are 5.2%, 3.4%, 5.4%, ity and rank of the themes (Table 3). Preferences are 6.6%, 1.9%, 1.9%, and 5.6% respectively. So, con- given in 1–9 scale to each pair of criteria. The pair- sistency ratio for the features of all themes remains wise comparisons are arranged into a matrix: C ¼ under the stipulated 10% limit. The normalized ½C  where C is the priority of the pair-wise kp kp nn weights of different classes of the themes have comparison for the kth and pth criteria. It is Table 5. Calculation of normalized theme weight. Theme Geology Slope LULC Soil texture Rainfall Lineament density GW fluctuation Geometric mean Normalized weight Geology 8/8 8/7 8/6 8/5 8/3 8/2 8/1 2.14 0.25 Slope 7/8 7/7 7/6 7/5 7/3 7/2 7/1 1.88 0.22 LULC 6/8 6/7 6/6 6/5 6/3 6/2 6/1 1.61 0.19 Soil texture 5/8 5/7 5/6 5/5 5/3 5/2 5/1 1.34 0.16 Rainfall 3/8 3/7 3/6 3/5 3/3 3/2 3/1 0.81 0.09 Lineament density 2/8 2/7 2/6 2/5 2/3 2/2 2/1 0.54 0.06 GW fluctuation 1/8 1/7 1/6 1/5 1/3 1/2 1/1 0.27 0.03 Table 6. Assigned and normalized weight of the different classes of each theme. Theme Class Assigned weight Normalized weight Geology Sandstone 7 0.37 Granite gneiss 5 0.26 Phylite and mica schist 4 0.21 Intrusive granite 2 0.11 Metamorphosed volcanic rocks 1 0.05 Slope Low 9 0.60 Moderate 5 0.33 High 1 0.07 LULC River and waterbody 9 0.35 Forest 8 0.31 Cultivated land 5 0.19 Fallow land 3 0.11 Built-up area 1 0.04 Soil Texture Gravelly loam 9 0.31 Gravelly loam—Loam 7 0.24 Coarse loamy 5 0.17 Fine loamy—Coarse loamy 4 0.14 Fine loamy 3 0.10 Fine 1 0.04 Rainfall High 7 0.47 Moderate 5 0.33 Low 3 0.20 Lineament Density High 9 0.56 Moderate 5 0.31 Low 2 0.13 Groundwater Fluctuation High 8 0.53 Moderate 5 0.33 Low 2 0.14 234 B. DAS ET AL. been calculated in a similar manner and it is pre- western and southern part, it covers 1034.61 km sented in Table 6. (16.53%) of the district. Favorable geological con- Normalized class weights are applied to reclassify ditions, low slope, forest cover, coarse-grained soil, the classes of each theme and the reclassified thematic and presence of lineaments helps in the develop- layers have been integrated into the GIS environ- ment of high potentiality zone whereas hindrances ment. Finally, overlay analysis has been done with of these factors play major role behind low poten- the normalized theme weights to demarcate the tiality zone. groundwater potential zones in the study area. The final integrated layer has been derived by summing 4.3 Validation with bore well yield data up the weights of polygons from individual layers. Groundwater potential map has been classified into Validation is one of the most important criteria in three classes, i.e., “high,”“moderate,” and “low.” scientific research. Groundwater yield data of 14 The groundwater potential map of the Puruliya bore wells have been collected to validate the district (Figure 10) reveals that the percentage of groundwater potential zone because rest of the moderate potentiality zone is high, which covers bore wells has no such available records in regard almost 3812.98 km (60.92%) of the district. High to this. Locations of these bore wells are shown in potentiality zone is scattered mainly in the north- the groundwater potential map (Figure 10) and the ern and eastern part covering 1411.41 km details are given in Table 7. The actual yields are (22.55%). Low potential zone spreads over the classified into three categories as low (<2 l/second), Figure 10. Groundwater potential zones. GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 235 moderate (2–4 l/second), and high (>4 l/second). helps to reveal the potentiality of phreatic aquifers This classification is done after the discussion with through the overlay analysis of various influencing local hydrogeologists and field knowledge. factors. The study reveals that 16.53% of the total Accuracy of the groundwater potential zone has area is under the low potential zone, it is mainly been estimated through the similarity analysis due to impervious geological setting and high slope. (Table 7) and the correlation value (Figure 11). Major portion of the study area (60.92%) falls under Result of the similarity analysis shows that 10 out moderate groundwater potentiality zones and rest of of the 14 validation points (71.43%) matches with the area (22.55%) is under the high potential zone. It the expected yield classes and the correlation ana- is clear that porous geological setting, low slope, lysis also confirm this as the r value is 0.439. permeable soil texture coupled with higher lineament density and vegetative cover helps in the development of the high potential zone. Similarity analysis and r 5. Conclusion value show that the applied method produces signifi- cantly reliable results for the present study. The The present study attempts to identify the ground- applied approach has merits and can be used else- water potential zones in one of the water-stressed where effectively with suitable modifications. This districts of West Bengal. Delineation has been done study can help the concerned decision makers to through weighted overlay model by integrating RS- formulate an effective plan for the study area. GIS and AHP techniques. This integrated technique Table 7. Detail account of the validation points. Location Actual Similarity Bore Static Draw yield between actual well water level down (liters/ Actual Expected and expected Sl. no. no. Latitude Longitude Total depth (m) (m) (m) second) yield class yield class class 1 1 23°40ʹ55ʹ’ 86°49ʹ05ʹ’ 31.91 5.75 15 5.54 High High Yes 2 2 23°38ʹ44ʹ’ 86°47ʹ04ʹ’ 36.44 14.32 20 3.32 High High Yes 3 3 23°30ʹ19ʹ’ 86°43ʹ22ʹ’ 34.41 3.93 18 0.33 Low Low Yes 4 4 23°33ʹ26ʹ’ 86°40ʹ52ʹ’ 37 5.84 18 0.49 Low Moderate No 5 5 23°34ʹ59ʹ’ 86°43ʹ15ʹ’ 37.45 4.43 24 2.77 Moderate Moderate Yes 6 6 23°33ʹ30ʹ’ 86°39ʹ42ʹ’ 31 6.29 9.1 2.77 Moderate Low No 7 7 23°36ʹ28ʹ’ 86°33ʹ07ʹ’ 17.1 3.78 13 2.21 Moderate Moderate Yes 8 8 23°35ʹ27ʹ’ 86°35ʹ04ʹ’ 18 4.97 10.1 0.97 Low Moderate No 9 9 23°32ʹ55ʹ’ 86°51ʹ11ʹ’ 12.87 2.79 6 0.97 Low Low Yes 10 10 23°25ʹ48ʹ’ 86°40ʹ10ʹ’ 24.61 5.65 21 0.05 Low Low Yes 11 11 23°23ʹ44ʹ’ 86°47ʹ54ʹ’ 19 4.73 10 0.33 Low Low Yes 12 12 23°04ʹ40ʹ’ 86°40ʹ55ʹ’ 19.2 5.58 8.7 6.64 High High Yes 13 13 23°05ʹ02ʹ’ 86°16ʹ09ʹ’ 23 3.7 19.1 3.21 Moderate Moderate Yes 14 14 23°29ʹ28ʹ’ 86°33ʹ43ʹ’ 28 4.7 15 1.11 Low Moderate No y = 28.53x - 5.248 r² = 0.439 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 Groundwater Potential Index Figure 11. Relation between groundwater potential index and actual yield of aquifers. Actual Yield (litre/second) 236 B. DAS ET AL. Das, S., Gupta, A., & Ghosh, S. (2017). Exploring ground- Acknowledgments water potential zones using MIF technique in semi-arid The authors are grateful to the Department of Geography, region: A case study of Hingoli district, Maharashtra. The University of Burdwan for providing the infrastruc- Spatial Information Research, 25(6), 749–756. tural facilities. We are thankful to the different government Deepa, S., Venkateswaran, S., Ayyandurai, R., Kannan, R., and nongovernment authorities for providing the useful & Prabhu, M. V. (2016). Groundwater recharge potential data. We are also thankful to those people who help in zones mapping in upper Manimuktha Sub basin Vellar different stages of this work. We are grateful to the anon- river Tamil Nadu India using GIS and remote sensing ymous reviewers and editors for their valuable comments techniques. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2 to improve the quality of the research article. (3), 137. Dey, S. (2014). Delineation of ground water prospect zones using remote sensing, GIS techniques–A case study of Compliance with ethical standards Baghmundi development block of Puruliya District, West Bengal. International Journal of Geology, Earth On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states and Environmental Sciences, 4(2), 62–72. that there is no conflict of interest. Fashae, O. A., Tijani, M. N., Talabi, A. O., & Adedeji, O. I. (2014). Delineation of groundwater potential zones in the crystalline basement terrain of SW-Nigeria: An inte- Disclosure statement grated GIS and remote sensing approach. Applied Water Science, 4(1), 19–38. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the Geological Survey of India. (2001). District resource map, authors. Puruliya, West Bengal. Kolkata: Government of India. Ghosh, A., Tiwari, A. K., & Das, S. (2015). 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Modeling groundwater potential zones of Puruliya district, West Bengal, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques

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GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 2019, VOL. 3, NO. 3, 223–237 INWASCON https://doi.org/10.1080/24749508.2018.1555740 RESEARCH ARTICLE Modeling groundwater potential zones of Puruliya district, West Bengal, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques Biswajit Das , Subodh Chandra Pal , Sadhan Malik and Rabin Chakrabortty Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Received 19 April 2018 Remote sensing and geographical information system (RS-GIS) have become a leading tool Accepted 2 December 2018 for modeling and mapping of groundwater resources. An attempt has been made to delineate the groundwater potential zones of Puruliya district using the integrated RS-GIS KEYWORDS and AHP techniques. All the themes and their features have been assigned weights according Groundwater; Puruliya; AHP; to their relative importance and their normalized weights were calculated after the hierarch- GIS; weighted overlay model ical ranking by pair-wise comparison matrix of analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Groundwater potential map has been prepared through weighted overlay model in GIS environment after integrating all the thematic layers. The entire district has been classified into three different groundwater potential zones—high, moderate, and low. Greater portion of the study area (60.92%) fall within the moderate potentiality zone, about 22.55% and 16.53% of the total area fall under the high and low potential zone, respectively. Potential zones have been validated with the groundwater yield data, 10 out of 14 validation points (71.43%), matches with the expected yield classes. It shows that the applied method pro- duces significantly reliable results for the present study which can help the decision makers to formulate an effective plan for the study area. 1. Introduction countries (Barlow & Clarke, 2002). The exploitation of groundwater has taken place at a speed which does Water is an important part of our day-to-day life. not allow the water table to recover its losses. Human civilization depends heavily upon the water. Recharge process is inadequate in comparison of the Although more than 70% of the earth’s surface is rate of extraction. As a result of this, shallow aquifers covered with water, we can only use merely 1% of are drying up and drought-like situation is happening the total water. Almost 97% of the total water is saline over large parts of the country during pre-monsoon by nature and rest of the 3% remains as freshwater. season. Most of the freshwater is stored as ice in glaciers and Identification of groundwater potential zones is polar ice sheets. Almost 30% of total freshwater is very important for the optimum utilization and stored in aquifers as groundwater and less than 1% is conservation of this precious resource (Hutti & available at lakes and rivers (Chow, Maidment, & Nijagunappa, 2011). Test drilling and stratigraphy Mays, 1988). There is a tremendous pressure on analysis are the conventional and reliable methods freshwater resources all over the world, especially in for determining the location of aquifers, but this the developing countries. In India, demand for water method is very costly and time-consuming. Remote is growing at an alarming rate (Black & Talbot, 2005; sensing and geographic information system (RS- Holden, 2014). India is heavily dependent on ground- GIS) technologies have emerged as an important water for various purposes. Groundwater provides tool for mapping the groundwater resources (Jha, 80–90% of domestic water supply in rural areas. Chowdhury, Chowdary, & Peiffer, 2007). Several A total of 50% of urban and industrial demand is factors such as geology, topography, climatic con- also dependent on groundwater. It also provides ditions, soil, land use land cover, etc. control the water for more than 50% of the irrigated area availability of groundwater in an area. Researchers (Central Ground Water Board, 2014). have successfully used RS-GIS techniques to inte- Groundwater is used heavily for various purposes grate these factors for modeling the groundwater as it can be accessed more cheaply and easily. potential zones in hard rocky terrain (Das, 2017; Groundwater level is declining due to excessive Fashae, Tijani, Talabi, & Adedeji, 2014;Ghosh, groundwater extraction. The amount of groundwater Bandyopadhyay, & Jana, 2016;Gupta &Srivastava, is decreasing day by day. There will be a severe fresh- 2010; Hutti & Nijagunappa, 2011;Mukherjee, water crisis within next 10–15 years in most of the Singh, & Mukherjee, 2012). CONTACT Subodh Chandra Pal [email protected] Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of the International Water, Air & Soil Conservation Society (INWASCON). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 224 B. DAS ET AL. Figure 1. Location of the study area (a) India, (b) West Bengal, and (c) Puruliya district. Integrated RS-GIS technique has been applied suc- Dey, 2014; Jaiswal, Mukherjee, Krishnamurthy, & cessfully for demarcating groundwater prospect zones in Saxena, 2003; Jothibasu & Anbazhagan, 2017; different watersheds as well as in administrative units Murugesan, Krishnaraj, Kannusamy, Selvaraj, & (Choudhari, Nigam, Singh, & Thakur, 2018; Subramanya, 2011; Nagarajan & Singh, 2009;Pothiraj Chowdhury, Jha, Chowdary, & Mal, 2009; Deepa, & Rajagopalan, 2013; Prasad, Mondal, Banerjee, Venkateswaran, Ayyandurai, Kannan, & Prabhu, 2016; Nandakumar, & Singh, 2008; Sar, Khan, Chatterjee, & GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 225 Das, 2015). Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) of Multi- district (Das,Gupta,&Ghosh, 2017). DRASTIC model Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) has been success- was applied for groundwater vulnerability in Katri fully applied with RS-GIS technique to assess the ground- Watershed (Ghosh, Tiwari, & Das, 2015). RS-GIS tech- water potentiality in various regions (Jha, Chowdary, & nique is also used for mapping of artificial recharge zone Chowdhury, 2010; Jhariya, Kumar, Gobinath, Diwan, & in Indian Punjab region (Singh, Panda, Kumar, & Kishore, 2016; Machiwal, Jha, & Mal, 2011;Machiwal, Sharma, 2013). Rangi, & Sharma, 2015; Saha, 2017). RS-GIS and multi Delineation of groundwater potential zones through influencing factor (MIF) techniques were used for proper modeling approach is essential to handle the groundwater potential mapping in the rocky terrain of water scarcity problem of drought-prone region. Very Theni district (Magesh, Chandrasekar, & few studies have been done over Puruliya district Soundranayagam, 2012), semi-arid region of Hingoli regarding the water issues. The objective of this study Table 1. Detailed sources of database. Attribute Source Geology Geological Survey of India [Scale—1:250,000] Lineaments Geological Survey of India [Scale—1:250,000] Slope SRTM DEM, USGS Rainfall Central Ground Water Board, Government of India [Scale—1:1,000,000] Soil National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning (NBSS&LUP), Kolkata [Scale—1:1,000,000] Land use land cover LANDSAT 8, USGS [(Path/Row: 139/44, Acquired date: 2016–03-17, Scene center time: 04:36:59.8277429Z) and (Path/Row: 140/44, Acquired date: 2016–04-25, Scene center time: 04:42:52.2812010Z)] Water table data Central Ground Water Board, Government of India Yield of the bore wells West Bengal Accelarated Development of Minor Irrigation Project, Government of West Bengal Collection of data and maps Remote sensing data Groundwater Published maps monitoring data SRTM Satellite Interpolation using Soil Geology Lineament Rainfall DEM image IDW tool texture Processing in Image enhancement and Digitization, rectification ArcGIS classification Thematic Layers (Geology, Lineament density, Soil texture, Rainfall, Slope, Land Use Land Cover, Groundwater fluctuation) Ranking of themes and classes by pair wise Individual Weight assignment and comparison matrix of AHP normalization of weight Application of Weighted Overlay Model with Reclassification of the thematic layers on the the normalized Theme weight basis of normalized Class weight Mapping of Groundwater Potential Zones and Validation Figure 2. Flowchart of methodology. 226 B. DAS ET AL. is to identify the groundwater potential zones of of West Bengal, 1985; Roy, 2014). But it is also found Puruliya district of West Bengal through RS-GIS and in deep fractures (50–60 m below ground) of hard AHP techniques. crystalline rocks. There is a certain limit of its avail- ability due to the physical setting of the district. It is one of the backward districts of West Bengal in terms 2. Study area of economy and human development (Government of West Bengal, 1985). The district is suffering from Puruliya is the westernmost district of West Bengal. acute water shortages for a long time and water The study area is situated between 22°42ʹ35” N—23° scarcity is a major issue for the socio-economic devel- 42ʹ00” N and 85°49ʹ25” E—86°54ʹ37” E(Figure 1). It opment of Puruliya. Surface water bodies dries up comprises 20 community development blocks every year during the summer season, people depend (administrative units) with a total area of 6259 km on groundwater for domestic, irrigation and other (Government of West Bengal, 1985). It is quite various purposes during this time, but excessive use unique in physical setting. It is underlain by mainly of groundwater has worsened the situation. metamorphic rocks. Influence of the Chhotanagpur Therefore, proper evaluation, planning, and manage- plateau and Ranchi peneplains can be seen in the ment of groundwater are essential for this region. entire district. Porosity and permeability are very low in this hard rocky terrain. Impervious crystalline rocks are the main hindrance to the development of 3. Materials and methods proper aquifer system. Groundwater occurs in shal- low fractures and weathered mantles and remains in Various types of data have been used for the present unconfined or semi-confined condition (Government work. Detailed sources of the database are given in Figure 3. Geology of Puruliya district. GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 227 Table 1. ArcGIS 10.1 and ERDAS IMAGINE 2014 class weight have been taken from their ranking through software has been used for the representation of the the AHP. AHP technique is the most widely used under data. multi-criteria decision analysis for natural resource man- Integrated RS-GIS and AHP techniques have been agement, site selection, suitability analysis, etc. used to delineate the groundwater potential zone. This (Malczewski, 2006; Malczewski & Rinner, 2015). method is very useful as it is less expensive and very much Geologists and hydrologists have been consulted for the suitable for developing countries where adequate and individual weights of the themes and their features for good quality data are lacking for this type of evaluation. proper evaluation. The weights of the themes and their The thematic layers of geology, slope, lineament density, features were assigned on a scale of 1–9 based on their land use land cover, soil, rainfall and groundwater fluc- influences. All the themes and their classes with normal- tuation has been used for the delineation of groundwater ized weights were integrated into the weighted overlay potential zones (Figure 2). model in Arc GIS software to demarcate the groundwater Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is very useful for potential zones. Groundwater potential index has been the multi-parametric evaluation (Saaty, 1980). It has been calculated using the following equation (Malczewski, used to identify the themes with their rank and priority as 1999;Rao & Briz-Kishore, 1991): it helps to arrange the criterions in hierarchical order GWPI ¼ ½ðÞ GE  GE þðÞ SL  SL w wi w wi through pair-wise comparison matrix. Consistency þðÞ LD  LD þðÞ LU  LU w wi w wi Index and Consistency Ratio have been calculated according to the procedure recommended by Saaty þðÞ ST  ST þðÞ RF  RF w wi w wi (1980). Decisions regarding the individual theme and þðÞ GF  GF w wi Figure 4. Lineament density of Puruliya district. 228 B. DAS ET AL. where, GWPI refers to groundwater potential index, and Quaternary ages are found in the district GE stands for geology, SL for slope, LD for lineament (Geological Survey of India, 2001). density, LU for land use land cover, ST for soil There are numerous rocks and minerals present in texture, RF for rainfall and GF for groundwater fluc- the district. Granite, gneiss, schist, phyllite, quartzite, tuation, the subscripts w and wi refers to the normal- sandstone, shale, mica, feldspar, china clay are abun- ized weight of a theme and normalized weight of dant in nature (Geological Survey of India, 2001). The individual features of a theme, respectively. most common rocks are granites and granite gneisses. Intrusive granite is present in large extent throughout the northern and western part, it constitutes about 4. Results and discussion 844.34 km or 13.49% of the district. Granite gneiss is present throughout the whole district and it covers 4.1 Preparation of thematic layers 4032.67 km or 64.43% of total area. Phyllite and mica- 4.1.1. Geology schist are part of Singhbhum group, which is present in Geologically Puruliya district is a part of the penin- the southern part and in some patches over the western sular shield, which was formed in the Archaean era and northern part. It covers almost 950.12 km or (Government of West Bengal, 1985). Diverse groups 15.18% of the district. Patches of Dalma lava is present of rocks from various geological ages including in the form of metamorphosed volcanic rocks and it is Chhotanagpur gneissic complex, meta-sedimentaries scattered in the southern and eastern part. This consti- of Singhbhum group, intrusive Granites, volcanic tutes about 4.81% or 301.06 km of the total area. rocks of Dalma group and sediments of Gondwana Sedimentary rocks of Gondwana age like sandstone is Figure 5. Slope map of Puruliya district. GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 229 present in the north-eastern part in a small extent, it the geological map of Puruliya district and lineament covers only 130.81 km or 2.09% (Figure 3). Hard rocky density map has been prepared in the ArcGIS soft- terrain creates difficulties in the infiltration process, ware. Lineament density is high (>0.3 km/km )in only the weathered and fractured areas form good western and central parts whereas it is moderate potentiality zones for groundwater. Thin strip of allu- (0.15–0.3 km/km ) in some patches throughout the vium deposits is seen along the stream courses, which district. Lineament density is low (<0.15 km/km )in could also be good potentiality zone. most of the areas (Figure 4). 4.1.2. Lineament density 4.1.3. Slope Lineaments are linear and curvilinear structural fea- Slope is a major factor which controls the infiltration tures which play a major role in groundwater occur- of surface water into the subsurface. Surface run-off is rences and movements (Prasad et al., 2008; Rao, slow in gentle slope area which allows more time to 2006). In the hard rocky areas like Puruliya, occur- percolate whereas high slope area allows less infiltra- rences of groundwater depend on secondary porosity tion. The general elevation ranges between 150 and and permeability (Acharya & Nag, 2013). Lineaments 300 m (Government of West Bengal, 1985), major like joints and fractures help to infiltrate the surface part of the district is characterized by undulating run-off to subsurface. Lineaments are considered to topography. Some residual hills are scattered in dif- be good potentials for groundwater. ferent parts of the district. Lineament density influences the development of Slope map has been prepared in the ArcGIS software groundwater. Lineaments have been collected from using the SRTM DEM. The general slope of the district Figure 6. Rainfall map of Puruliya district. 230 B. DAS ET AL. is from west to east. Ajodhya and Panchet are the two the occurrences and availability of groundwater, major hills, which are situated in the western and north- because most of the water goes away as surface run- ern part, respectively. Slope ranges between 2° and 5° off due to the hard rocky terrain. for a major part of the district (Figure 5). Steep slope is present in the hilly areas. Low slope is favorable for 4.1.5. Soil texture groundwaterrechargewhereas high slopeofhilly areas Infiltration capacity heavily depends on the soil texture. is the main hindrance to groundwater recharge. Porosity and permeability are directly influenced by texture. Infiltration capacity of the fine-grained soil is 4.1.4 Rainfall low compared to coarse-grained soil because of porosity Dry tropical climate prevails in the district. Average and permeability. Soil cover is very thin in this study annual rainfall for the district is around 1200–1400 mm area and it is composed of sandy and reddish materials (Government of West Bengal, 1985). A total of 80–85% of which are derived from the weathering of granite and total rainfall happens during the July–September period, gneiss. Granitic and Lateritic—these are the two major south-west monsoon is the main source of rainfall. types of soils which have been observed in the district. Puruliya often suffers drought condition due to shortage Soil is acidic in nature and the fertility is low (National of rainfall. Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, 2010). Rainfall map has been collected from the Central Various types of soil texture are present in the Ground Water Board. Southern part of the district different parts of the district. Fine loamy soil covers receives maximum rainfall, whereas eastern and cen- 1852.04 km or 29.59% of the district, gravelly loam— tral part gets minimum rainfall (Figure 6). But this loam constitutes about 1759.4 km or 28.11%. Fine soil little variation in rainfall has no major influence on covers almost 1343.81 km (21.47%) whereas fine Figure 7. Soil texture map of Puruliya district. GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 231 loamy to coarse loamy covers about 779.25 km sample points were used to check the accuracy of the (12.45%). Gravelly loamy and coarse loamy covers classification. The overall accuracy and kappa coefficient 2 2 498.21 km (7.96%) and 26.29 km (0.42%), respec- value of the classification are 96.67 and 95.87, respec- tively (Figure 7). Porosity and permeability are mod- tively. Majority of land is under the forest cover, decid- erate to high in coarse loamy and gravelly loam soils, uous type of forest is present in the district. Agricultural but it is much low in case of fine and fine loamy soils. activities depend on the monsoon rainfall, most of the land remains vacant during the non-monsoon season. Irregular and disperse type of rural settlements are found 4.1.6. Land use land cover all over the district, but in some parts agglomerated urban Land use land cover is one of the main parameters which settlements are also observed (Figure 8). influence the occurrence and development of ground- water. Different types of land use act differently in the run-off and infiltration capacities. Forest area is gener- 4.1.7. Groundwater fluctuation ally favorable for groundwater recharge. Forest cover Groundwater level of pre-monsoon and post-monsoon increases the infiltration rate, whereas fallow land and reflects the actual groundwater condition of the area. built-up area increase the run-off. Most of the rivers are Groundwater level data of different observatory wells non-perennial and flows only in monsoon season. for the time period of 2012–2015 has been collected Land use land cover map has been prepared from from the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). a mosaicked Landsat OLI-TIRS imagery. Unsupervised Locations of groundwater observatory wells are given in image classification technique was applied to the bands 2, Figure 1(c). The mean pre-monsoon groundwater level 3, 4, and 5 to obtain major LULC features. A total of 145 variesfrom3to12mbelowgroundwithamajorityofthe Figure 8. Land use land cover of Puruliya district. 232 B. DAS ET AL. area having mean pre-monsoon groundwater depth of 5 Inverse distance weighted technique is applied in the to 8 m. On the other hand, mean post-monsoon ground- GIS environment for the interpolation of the ground- water level varies from 1 to 7 m. water level data. Groundwater level for the pre- Figure 9. Fluctuation in groundwater level. Table 2. Pair-wise comparison matrix for AHP. Theme Geology Slope LULC Soil texture Rainfall Lineament density GW fluctuation Geology 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 Slope 0.50 1 2 3 3 3 4 LULC 0.50 0.50 1 2 3 3 4 Soil texture 0.50 0.33 0.50 1 3 3 4 Rainfall 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 1 2 2 Lineament density 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.50 1 3 GW fluctuation 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.50 0.33 1 Table 3. Priority and rank of themes. Table 4. Assigned weights of the themes. Theme Priority Rank Theme Weight Geology 26.5% 1 Geology 8 Slope 23.4% 2 Slope 7 LULC 17.6% 3 Land use land cover 6 Soil texture 14.0% 4 Soil texture 5 Rainfall 7.6% 5 Rainfall 3 Lineament density 6.8% 6 Lineament density 2 GW fluctuation 4.1% 7 Groundwater fluctuation 1 GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 233 monsoon is very low in parts of Manbazar-I, Manbazar- a reciprocal matrix. Ultimately a vector of criterion II, Bandowan, Jhalda-I, Jhalda-II, Hura, and weights, w ¼½ w1; w2; ... ; w are obtained from the Balarampur blocks. It increases in the post-monsoon pair-wise comparison matrix. The weights are season and reaches close to the surface in Puruliya-I, attained from the equation, C ¼ λ w where λ w max max Puruliya-II, Neturia, Santuri, Raghunathpur-I, is the largest eigen value of C (Malczewski & Rinner, Raghunathpur-II, and Puncha blocks. 2015; Saaty, 1980). Consistency ratio of the pair-wise Higher groundwater fluctuation indicates excellent comparison matrix is 5.1%, which is below the 10% recharge capacity and in turn, it reflects the good limit suggested by Saaty (1980). potentiality zones of groundwater. Fluctuation rate is Individual weights are assigned to the themes high in parts of Manbazar-I, Manbazar-II, Bandowan, according to the hierarchical ranking from AHP and Balarampur blocks whereas the rate is low in parts analysis. The weights assigned to different themes of Puruliya-II, Baghmundi, Jhalda-I, and Para blocks are presented in Table 4 and the process of obtain- (Figure 9). ing the normalized weight is presented in Table 5. Priority, rank, and consistency ratio has been calculated for different classes of each theme in 4.2 Groundwater potential zoning thesameway as presentedin Tables 2 and 3. Consistency ratio for features of geology, slope, Pair-wise comparison matrix (Table 2) has been done LULC, soil texture, rainfall, lineament density, and according to the AHP technique to identify the prior- groundwater fluctuation are 5.2%, 3.4%, 5.4%, ity and rank of the themes (Table 3). Preferences are 6.6%, 1.9%, 1.9%, and 5.6% respectively. So, con- given in 1–9 scale to each pair of criteria. The pair- sistency ratio for the features of all themes remains wise comparisons are arranged into a matrix: C ¼ under the stipulated 10% limit. The normalized ½C  where C is the priority of the pair-wise kp kp nn weights of different classes of the themes have comparison for the kth and pth criteria. It is Table 5. Calculation of normalized theme weight. Theme Geology Slope LULC Soil texture Rainfall Lineament density GW fluctuation Geometric mean Normalized weight Geology 8/8 8/7 8/6 8/5 8/3 8/2 8/1 2.14 0.25 Slope 7/8 7/7 7/6 7/5 7/3 7/2 7/1 1.88 0.22 LULC 6/8 6/7 6/6 6/5 6/3 6/2 6/1 1.61 0.19 Soil texture 5/8 5/7 5/6 5/5 5/3 5/2 5/1 1.34 0.16 Rainfall 3/8 3/7 3/6 3/5 3/3 3/2 3/1 0.81 0.09 Lineament density 2/8 2/7 2/6 2/5 2/3 2/2 2/1 0.54 0.06 GW fluctuation 1/8 1/7 1/6 1/5 1/3 1/2 1/1 0.27 0.03 Table 6. Assigned and normalized weight of the different classes of each theme. Theme Class Assigned weight Normalized weight Geology Sandstone 7 0.37 Granite gneiss 5 0.26 Phylite and mica schist 4 0.21 Intrusive granite 2 0.11 Metamorphosed volcanic rocks 1 0.05 Slope Low 9 0.60 Moderate 5 0.33 High 1 0.07 LULC River and waterbody 9 0.35 Forest 8 0.31 Cultivated land 5 0.19 Fallow land 3 0.11 Built-up area 1 0.04 Soil Texture Gravelly loam 9 0.31 Gravelly loam—Loam 7 0.24 Coarse loamy 5 0.17 Fine loamy—Coarse loamy 4 0.14 Fine loamy 3 0.10 Fine 1 0.04 Rainfall High 7 0.47 Moderate 5 0.33 Low 3 0.20 Lineament Density High 9 0.56 Moderate 5 0.31 Low 2 0.13 Groundwater Fluctuation High 8 0.53 Moderate 5 0.33 Low 2 0.14 234 B. DAS ET AL. been calculated in a similar manner and it is pre- western and southern part, it covers 1034.61 km sented in Table 6. (16.53%) of the district. Favorable geological con- Normalized class weights are applied to reclassify ditions, low slope, forest cover, coarse-grained soil, the classes of each theme and the reclassified thematic and presence of lineaments helps in the develop- layers have been integrated into the GIS environ- ment of high potentiality zone whereas hindrances ment. Finally, overlay analysis has been done with of these factors play major role behind low poten- the normalized theme weights to demarcate the tiality zone. groundwater potential zones in the study area. The final integrated layer has been derived by summing 4.3 Validation with bore well yield data up the weights of polygons from individual layers. Groundwater potential map has been classified into Validation is one of the most important criteria in three classes, i.e., “high,”“moderate,” and “low.” scientific research. Groundwater yield data of 14 The groundwater potential map of the Puruliya bore wells have been collected to validate the district (Figure 10) reveals that the percentage of groundwater potential zone because rest of the moderate potentiality zone is high, which covers bore wells has no such available records in regard almost 3812.98 km (60.92%) of the district. High to this. Locations of these bore wells are shown in potentiality zone is scattered mainly in the north- the groundwater potential map (Figure 10) and the ern and eastern part covering 1411.41 km details are given in Table 7. The actual yields are (22.55%). Low potential zone spreads over the classified into three categories as low (<2 l/second), Figure 10. Groundwater potential zones. GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 235 moderate (2–4 l/second), and high (>4 l/second). helps to reveal the potentiality of phreatic aquifers This classification is done after the discussion with through the overlay analysis of various influencing local hydrogeologists and field knowledge. factors. The study reveals that 16.53% of the total Accuracy of the groundwater potential zone has area is under the low potential zone, it is mainly been estimated through the similarity analysis due to impervious geological setting and high slope. (Table 7) and the correlation value (Figure 11). Major portion of the study area (60.92%) falls under Result of the similarity analysis shows that 10 out moderate groundwater potentiality zones and rest of of the 14 validation points (71.43%) matches with the area (22.55%) is under the high potential zone. It the expected yield classes and the correlation ana- is clear that porous geological setting, low slope, lysis also confirm this as the r value is 0.439. permeable soil texture coupled with higher lineament density and vegetative cover helps in the development of the high potential zone. Similarity analysis and r 5. Conclusion value show that the applied method produces signifi- cantly reliable results for the present study. The The present study attempts to identify the ground- applied approach has merits and can be used else- water potential zones in one of the water-stressed where effectively with suitable modifications. This districts of West Bengal. Delineation has been done study can help the concerned decision makers to through weighted overlay model by integrating RS- formulate an effective plan for the study area. GIS and AHP techniques. This integrated technique Table 7. Detail account of the validation points. Location Actual Similarity Bore Static Draw yield between actual well water level down (liters/ Actual Expected and expected Sl. no. no. Latitude Longitude Total depth (m) (m) (m) second) yield class yield class class 1 1 23°40ʹ55ʹ’ 86°49ʹ05ʹ’ 31.91 5.75 15 5.54 High High Yes 2 2 23°38ʹ44ʹ’ 86°47ʹ04ʹ’ 36.44 14.32 20 3.32 High High Yes 3 3 23°30ʹ19ʹ’ 86°43ʹ22ʹ’ 34.41 3.93 18 0.33 Low Low Yes 4 4 23°33ʹ26ʹ’ 86°40ʹ52ʹ’ 37 5.84 18 0.49 Low Moderate No 5 5 23°34ʹ59ʹ’ 86°43ʹ15ʹ’ 37.45 4.43 24 2.77 Moderate Moderate Yes 6 6 23°33ʹ30ʹ’ 86°39ʹ42ʹ’ 31 6.29 9.1 2.77 Moderate Low No 7 7 23°36ʹ28ʹ’ 86°33ʹ07ʹ’ 17.1 3.78 13 2.21 Moderate Moderate Yes 8 8 23°35ʹ27ʹ’ 86°35ʹ04ʹ’ 18 4.97 10.1 0.97 Low Moderate No 9 9 23°32ʹ55ʹ’ 86°51ʹ11ʹ’ 12.87 2.79 6 0.97 Low Low Yes 10 10 23°25ʹ48ʹ’ 86°40ʹ10ʹ’ 24.61 5.65 21 0.05 Low Low Yes 11 11 23°23ʹ44ʹ’ 86°47ʹ54ʹ’ 19 4.73 10 0.33 Low Low Yes 12 12 23°04ʹ40ʹ’ 86°40ʹ55ʹ’ 19.2 5.58 8.7 6.64 High High Yes 13 13 23°05ʹ02ʹ’ 86°16ʹ09ʹ’ 23 3.7 19.1 3.21 Moderate Moderate Yes 14 14 23°29ʹ28ʹ’ 86°33ʹ43ʹ’ 28 4.7 15 1.11 Low Moderate No y = 28.53x - 5.248 r² = 0.439 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 Groundwater Potential Index Figure 11. Relation between groundwater potential index and actual yield of aquifers. Actual Yield (litre/second) 236 B. DAS ET AL. Das, S., Gupta, A., & Ghosh, S. (2017). Exploring ground- Acknowledgments water potential zones using MIF technique in semi-arid The authors are grateful to the Department of Geography, region: A case study of Hingoli district, Maharashtra. The University of Burdwan for providing the infrastruc- Spatial Information Research, 25(6), 749–756. tural facilities. We are thankful to the different government Deepa, S., Venkateswaran, S., Ayyandurai, R., Kannan, R., and nongovernment authorities for providing the useful & Prabhu, M. V. (2016). Groundwater recharge potential data. We are also thankful to those people who help in zones mapping in upper Manimuktha Sub basin Vellar different stages of this work. We are grateful to the anon- river Tamil Nadu India using GIS and remote sensing ymous reviewers and editors for their valuable comments techniques. 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Journal

Geology Ecology and Landscapes – Taylor & Francis

Published: Jul 3, 2019

Keywords: Groundwater; Puruliya; AHP; GIS; weighted overlay model

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