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Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Nano-sized CuO/TiO2 for Lithium-ion Batteries

Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Nano-sized CuO/TiO2 for Lithium-ion Batteries ICNME 2019 IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 761 (2020) 012001 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/761/1/012001 Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Nano-sized CuO/TiO2 for Lithium-ion Batteries Guangfu LIU, Kuiren LIU, Zhongbao SHAO, Xuetian LI Deparment of Nonferrous Metallurgy, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, 3 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China [email protected] Abstract. CuO/TiO2 nanopowder was successfully synthesised by precipitation method. XRD, SEM and galvanostatic testing were applied to study the crystal structure and electrochemical performance of CuO/TiO2. The results showed that the prepared sample was highly-crystalline and exhibited high capacities and well cycle stabilities. The initial discharge capacity of CuO/TiO2 reached 566.5 mAh/g, and retained at 375.9 mAh/g after 20 cycles at 0.1C-rate. It is implied that CuO/TiO2 nanopowder prepared by precipitation method coulde be used as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. 1. Introduction Lithium-ion battery (LIB) is undoubtedly the fastest-growing power source available in various fields (traffic power supply, power storage, and mobile communication power supply) today [1]. Since the rapid commercial demands for low cost, green, safety, and more powerful batteries, many scientists have devoted to improve the performance of conventional anode materials [2-4]. Recently, transition-metal oxides have been widely studied as anode material for lithium-ion batteries for decades owing to their special properties [5]. Among varies of tansition-metal oxides applied for anode materials in lithium-ion batteries, Copper oxide (CuO) has drawed much attention due to its high capacity (674mAh/g), chemical safety, low cost, environment benignity and abundance in nature [6]. However, CuO which react with Li would bing large volume variation during Li- alloying/dealloying process, and result in short cycle life. This shortage largely hinder his practical applications [7, 8]. To sovle this problem, a variety of methods have been explored, including preparing nano-scale materials, controlling structures, and combining with other complex conductive materials [9-12]. As for composite materials, TiO2 has proven to be a highly promising candidate due to its small degree of volume change (<4%) during the process of Li-insertion/extraction [13-15]. Besides, TiO2 also has a good performance in capacity (350mAh/g) which was a potentially beneficial to both the structural stability and the electrochemical performance of composites materials [16]. To achieve this excellent cycling performance of anode materials, we planned the synthesis of a CuO/TiO2 nanopowder using precipitation method. We expected that CuO/TiO2 nanopowder will improve the electrochemical performance as an anode material in lithium-ion batteries. 2. Experiments 2.1. Samples preparation Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1 ICNME 2019 IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 761 (2020) 012001 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/761/1/012001 First, 48.3 g of copper (Ⅱ) nitrate trihydrate (Cu (NO3)2· H2O, AR, 99.0%) and 4.8 g of titanium (Ⅳ) sulfate (Ti (SO4)2, AR, 97.0%) were dissolved in 100 mL deionized water under ultra-sonic dispersion to be completely dissolved for 30 min. Then Ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3, AR, 99.9%) (1.0 mol/L) as a precipitant was added into the solution above to prepare the precursor of Cu and Ti, and stirred with a speed of 300 rpm at room temperature, and stopped dropping the precipitation when the pH of solution reached to 9, and then separated by filtration and washed by deionized water for several times until neutralization.The filter we got was dried in an oven at 105 ℃ for 12 h. Finally, CuO/TiO2 nanopowder was obtained after treating thermally in a furnace at 500 ℃ for 3h. The synthesis process of CuO/TiO2 nanopowder is shown in Figure 1. Ammonium bicarbonate Copper (Ⅱ) nitrate Titanium (Ⅳ) (1mol/L) sulfate trihydrate Deionized water Stirring for 2 h Oven-dried at 105 ℃ for 12 h Precursor powders Furnace 500 ℃ for 3 h CuO/TiO nanopowder Figure 1. Flow sheet of the process route. 2.2. Characterization The structure of CuO/TiO2 sample was obtained by X-ray diffraction (XRD, Rigaku D/max-RB). The morphologie of CuO/TiO2 sample was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, FEI Nova NanoSEM 430). 2.3. Electrochemical Characterization The prepared material, carbon black and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder (80 wt.%:10 wt.%:10 wt.%) dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) as electrode slurry was coated on Cu foil (the weight of active material was about 3.5-4.0 mg) heated at 80 ℃ under vacuum for 12 h. 1 M LiPF6/EC+DEC+EMC (1:1:1 in volume), Celgard 2400 screens and lithium metal foils were used as the electrolyte, membrane and anode, respectively. The battery-testing system (Neware, China) was applied to test cycle charge-discharge for button battery from 0.01 to 3 V (1C equals to 670 mAh/g). 3. Results and discussion Figure 2 shows the XRD patterns of CuO/TiO2 sample. It can be comfirmed that after precipitation teaction and thermal oxidative annealing, peaks of tenorite CuO (JCPDS No. 48-1548) and the peaks of anatase TiO2 (JCPDS No. 21-1272) were found in the XRD patterns, which were strong and clean, ICNME 2019 IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 761 (2020) 012001 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/761/1/012001 indicating that the CuO and TiO2 nanostructure was pure and well crystallized without any appreciable impurity after annealing under air conditions. Figure 2. XRD patterns of CuO/TiO and two standard cards (tenorite CuO and anatase TiO ). Figure 3 shows the SEM image of CuO/TiO2 sample. The dispersion of CuO/TiO2 powder with sizes of around 50-100 nmand with an irregular shape could be obviously found. The small particle size, which could increase the diffusion rate of Li . Figure 3. SEM image of CuO/TiO . st nd th Table 1. Discharge capacities of 1 , 2 , 5 and 20t discharge times discharge capacity 1st 566.5 2nd 476.3 5th 388.1 20th 375.9 ICNME 2019 IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 761 (2020) 012001 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/761/1/012001 Figure 4 and table 1 show the cycling performance of sample CuO/TiO2 electrode. It was apparent that the initial discharge capacity of CuO/TiO2 sample was 566.5 mAh/g, with capacity retention of 66.4% at 0.1C-rate over 20 cycles. Figure 4. Charge and discharge curves of CuO/TiO for the 1st, 2nd, 5th and20th at 0.1C-rate 4. Conclusion In conclusion, we prepared CuO/TiO2 nanopowder via precipitation method, and the CuO/TiO2 nanopowder was well complexed. The cycling performance of sample CuO/TiO2 electrode showed that it’s an effective way to enchance the the electrochemical properties of CuO, and it provided a novol way to synthesis anode material for lithium-ion batteries. 5. References [1] Wu Songhao, Fu Gaoliang, Lv Weiqiang, Wei Jiake, Chen Wenjin, Yi Huqiang, Gu Meng, Bai Xuedong, Zhu Liang, Tan Chao, Liang Yachun, Zhu Gaolong, He Jiarui, Wang Xinqiang, Zhang Kelvin H L, Xiong Jie and He Weidong, 2017, “A Single-Step Hydrothermal Route to 3D Hierarchical Cu O/CuO/rGO Nanosheets as High-Performance Anode of Lithium-Ion Batteries”, Small, 14, 1702667. [2] Juan Yang, Hangyu Tian, Jingjing Tang, Tao Bai, Lihua Xi, Sanmei Chen and Xiangyang Zhou, 2017, “Self-assembled NiCo2O4-anchored reduced graphene oxide nanoplates as high performance anode materials for lithium ion batteries”, Appl Surf Sci, 426,1055-62. [3] Hai-Jun Peng, Gui-Xia Hao, Zhao-Hua Chu, Cai-Lian He, Xiao-Ming Lin and Yue-Peng Cai, 2017, “Mesoporous spindle-like hollow CuO/C fabricated from a Cu-based metal-organic framework as anodes for high-performance lithium storage”, J Alloy Compd, 727 1020-26. [4] Dae Sik Kim, Dong Jae Chung, Juhye Bae, Goojin Jeong and Hansu Kim, 2017, “Surface engineering of graphite anode material with black TiO for fast chargeable lithium ion battery”, 2-x Electrochimica Acta, 258, 336-42. [5] Shuzhen Yang, Yanfang Huang, Guihong Han, Jiongtian Liu and Yijun Cao, 2017, “Synthesis and electrochemical performance of double shell SnO amorphous TiO spheres for lithium ion 2@ 2 battery application”, Powder Technology, 322, 84-91. [6] Qiming He, Sui Gu, Tian Wu, Sanpei Zhang, Xin Ao, Jianhua Yang, Zhaoyin Wen, 2017 “Self- supported mesoporous FeCo2O4 nanosheets as high capacity anode material for sodium-ion battery”, Chemical Engineering Journal, 330,764-73. ICNME 2019 IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 761 (2020) 012001 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/761/1/012001 [7] Wei Yuan, Zhiqiang Qiu, Yu Chen, Bote Zhao, Meilin Liu, Yong Tang, 2018 “A binder-free composite anode composed of CuO nanosheets and multi-wall carbon nanotubes for high- performance lithium-ion batteries”, Electrochimica Acta, 267,150-60. [8] Shenglian Luo, Fang Sua, Chengbin Liua, Juanxiu Li, Ronghua Liua, Yan Xiao, Yue Li a, Xuanneng Liua and Qingyun Caia, 2011, “A new method for fabricating a CuO/TiO nanotube arrays electrode and its application as a sensitive nonenzymatic glucose sensor”, Talanta, 86,157-63. [9] Chao Chen, Sang Ha Lee, Misuk Cho and Youngkwan Lee, 2015, “Core-shell CuO@TiO nanorods as a highly stable anode material for lithium-ion batteries”, Materials Letters, 140,111-14. [10] Martin Leimbach, Christoph Tschaar, Udo Schmidt and Andreas Bund, 2018, “Electrochemical characterization of chromium deposition from trivalent solutions for decorative applications by EQCM and nearsurface pH measurements”, Electrochimica Acta, 270,204-09. [11] Jiansheng Chen, Lin Xu, Ruiqing Xing, Jian Song, Hongwei Song, Dali Liu and Ji Zhou, 2012, “Electrospun three-dimensional porous CuO/TiO2 hierarchical nanocomposites electrode for nonenzymatic glucose biosensing”, Electrochemistry Communications, 20,75-78. [12] Ang Li, Renyue He, Zhuo Bian, Huaihe Song, Xiaohong Chen and Jisheng Zhou, 2018, “Enhanced lithium storage performance of hierarchical CuO nanomaterials with surface fractal characteristics”, Applied Surface Science, 443,382-88. [13] M. Saravanan, Shantikumar V. Nair and Alok Kumar Rai, 2017, “Low temperature synthesis of carbon-wrapped CuO synthesized without using a conventional carbon source for Li ion battery application”, Physica E, 94,113-17. [14] Guangxia Wang, Yongming Sui, Meina Zhang, Man Xu, Qingxin Zeng, Chuang Liu, Xinmei Liu, Fei Du and Bo Zou, 2017, “One-pot synthesis of uniform Cu O–CuO–TiO hollow nanocages 2 2 with highly stable lithium storage properties”, J. Mater. Chem. A, 5,18577. [15] Peng Liu, Xifeng Xia, Wu Lei and Qingli Hao, 2017, “Rational synthesis of highly uniform hollow core–shell Mn O /CuO@TiO submicroboxes for enhanced lithium storage 3 4 2 performance”, Chemical Engineering Journal, 316,214-24. [16] Yong Wang, Dongxia Wang, Qingyuan Li, Wenbin Guo, Fanchao Zhang, Yang Yu, and Yiqing Yang, 2018, “General Synthesis and Lithium Storage Properties of Metal Oxides/MnO Hierarchical Hollow Hybrid Spheres”, PART PART SYST CHAR, 35, 1700336. Acknowledgments This research was supported by my supervisor K.R LIU who provided experiment feasibility guidance and experiment facilities during the research. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering IOP Publishing

Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Nano-sized CuO/TiO2 for Lithium-ion Batteries

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Abstract

ICNME 2019 IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 761 (2020) 012001 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/761/1/012001 Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Nano-sized CuO/TiO2 for Lithium-ion Batteries Guangfu LIU, Kuiren LIU, Zhongbao SHAO, Xuetian LI Deparment of Nonferrous Metallurgy, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, 3 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China [email protected] Abstract. CuO/TiO2 nanopowder was successfully synthesised by precipitation method. XRD, SEM and galvanostatic testing were applied to study the crystal structure and electrochemical performance of CuO/TiO2. The results showed that the prepared sample was highly-crystalline and exhibited high capacities and well cycle stabilities. The initial discharge capacity of CuO/TiO2 reached 566.5 mAh/g, and retained at 375.9 mAh/g after 20 cycles at 0.1C-rate. It is implied that CuO/TiO2 nanopowder prepared by precipitation method coulde be used as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. 1. Introduction Lithium-ion battery (LIB) is undoubtedly the fastest-growing power source available in various fields (traffic power supply, power storage, and mobile communication power supply) today [1]. Since the rapid commercial demands for low cost, green, safety, and more powerful batteries, many scientists have devoted to improve the performance of conventional anode materials [2-4]. Recently, transition-metal oxides have been widely studied as anode material for lithium-ion batteries for decades owing to their special properties [5]. Among varies of tansition-metal oxides applied for anode materials in lithium-ion batteries, Copper oxide (CuO) has drawed much attention due to its high capacity (674mAh/g), chemical safety, low cost, environment benignity and abundance in nature [6]. However, CuO which react with Li would bing large volume variation during Li- alloying/dealloying process, and result in short cycle life. This shortage largely hinder his practical applications [7, 8]. To sovle this problem, a variety of methods have been explored, including preparing nano-scale materials, controlling structures, and combining with other complex conductive materials [9-12]. As for composite materials, TiO2 has proven to be a highly promising candidate due to its small degree of volume change (<4%) during the process of Li-insertion/extraction [13-15]. Besides, TiO2 also has a good performance in capacity (350mAh/g) which was a potentially beneficial to both the structural stability and the electrochemical performance of composites materials [16]. To achieve this excellent cycling performance of anode materials, we planned the synthesis of a CuO/TiO2 nanopowder using precipitation method. We expected that CuO/TiO2 nanopowder will improve the electrochemical performance as an anode material in lithium-ion batteries. 2. Experiments 2.1. Samples preparation Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1 ICNME 2019 IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 761 (2020) 012001 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/761/1/012001 First, 48.3 g of copper (Ⅱ) nitrate trihydrate (Cu (NO3)2· H2O, AR, 99.0%) and 4.8 g of titanium (Ⅳ) sulfate (Ti (SO4)2, AR, 97.0%) were dissolved in 100 mL deionized water under ultra-sonic dispersion to be completely dissolved for 30 min. Then Ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3, AR, 99.9%) (1.0 mol/L) as a precipitant was added into the solution above to prepare the precursor of Cu and Ti, and stirred with a speed of 300 rpm at room temperature, and stopped dropping the precipitation when the pH of solution reached to 9, and then separated by filtration and washed by deionized water for several times until neutralization.The filter we got was dried in an oven at 105 ℃ for 12 h. Finally, CuO/TiO2 nanopowder was obtained after treating thermally in a furnace at 500 ℃ for 3h. The synthesis process of CuO/TiO2 nanopowder is shown in Figure 1. Ammonium bicarbonate Copper (Ⅱ) nitrate Titanium (Ⅳ) (1mol/L) sulfate trihydrate Deionized water Stirring for 2 h Oven-dried at 105 ℃ for 12 h Precursor powders Furnace 500 ℃ for 3 h CuO/TiO nanopowder Figure 1. Flow sheet of the process route. 2.2. Characterization The structure of CuO/TiO2 sample was obtained by X-ray diffraction (XRD, Rigaku D/max-RB). The morphologie of CuO/TiO2 sample was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, FEI Nova NanoSEM 430). 2.3. Electrochemical Characterization The prepared material, carbon black and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder (80 wt.%:10 wt.%:10 wt.%) dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) as electrode slurry was coated on Cu foil (the weight of active material was about 3.5-4.0 mg) heated at 80 ℃ under vacuum for 12 h. 1 M LiPF6/EC+DEC+EMC (1:1:1 in volume), Celgard 2400 screens and lithium metal foils were used as the electrolyte, membrane and anode, respectively. The battery-testing system (Neware, China) was applied to test cycle charge-discharge for button battery from 0.01 to 3 V (1C equals to 670 mAh/g). 3. Results and discussion Figure 2 shows the XRD patterns of CuO/TiO2 sample. It can be comfirmed that after precipitation teaction and thermal oxidative annealing, peaks of tenorite CuO (JCPDS No. 48-1548) and the peaks of anatase TiO2 (JCPDS No. 21-1272) were found in the XRD patterns, which were strong and clean, ICNME 2019 IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 761 (2020) 012001 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/761/1/012001 indicating that the CuO and TiO2 nanostructure was pure and well crystallized without any appreciable impurity after annealing under air conditions. Figure 2. XRD patterns of CuO/TiO and two standard cards (tenorite CuO and anatase TiO ). Figure 3 shows the SEM image of CuO/TiO2 sample. The dispersion of CuO/TiO2 powder with sizes of around 50-100 nmand with an irregular shape could be obviously found. The small particle size, which could increase the diffusion rate of Li . Figure 3. SEM image of CuO/TiO . st nd th Table 1. Discharge capacities of 1 , 2 , 5 and 20t discharge times discharge capacity 1st 566.5 2nd 476.3 5th 388.1 20th 375.9 ICNME 2019 IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 761 (2020) 012001 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/761/1/012001 Figure 4 and table 1 show the cycling performance of sample CuO/TiO2 electrode. It was apparent that the initial discharge capacity of CuO/TiO2 sample was 566.5 mAh/g, with capacity retention of 66.4% at 0.1C-rate over 20 cycles. Figure 4. Charge and discharge curves of CuO/TiO for the 1st, 2nd, 5th and20th at 0.1C-rate 4. Conclusion In conclusion, we prepared CuO/TiO2 nanopowder via precipitation method, and the CuO/TiO2 nanopowder was well complexed. The cycling performance of sample CuO/TiO2 electrode showed that it’s an effective way to enchance the the electrochemical properties of CuO, and it provided a novol way to synthesis anode material for lithium-ion batteries. 5. References [1] Wu Songhao, Fu Gaoliang, Lv Weiqiang, Wei Jiake, Chen Wenjin, Yi Huqiang, Gu Meng, Bai Xuedong, Zhu Liang, Tan Chao, Liang Yachun, Zhu Gaolong, He Jiarui, Wang Xinqiang, Zhang Kelvin H L, Xiong Jie and He Weidong, 2017, “A Single-Step Hydrothermal Route to 3D Hierarchical Cu O/CuO/rGO Nanosheets as High-Performance Anode of Lithium-Ion Batteries”, Small, 14, 1702667. [2] Juan Yang, Hangyu Tian, Jingjing Tang, Tao Bai, Lihua Xi, Sanmei Chen and Xiangyang Zhou, 2017, “Self-assembled NiCo2O4-anchored reduced graphene oxide nanoplates as high performance anode materials for lithium ion batteries”, Appl Surf Sci, 426,1055-62. [3] Hai-Jun Peng, Gui-Xia Hao, Zhao-Hua Chu, Cai-Lian He, Xiao-Ming Lin and Yue-Peng Cai, 2017, “Mesoporous spindle-like hollow CuO/C fabricated from a Cu-based metal-organic framework as anodes for high-performance lithium storage”, J Alloy Compd, 727 1020-26. [4] Dae Sik Kim, Dong Jae Chung, Juhye Bae, Goojin Jeong and Hansu Kim, 2017, “Surface engineering of graphite anode material with black TiO for fast chargeable lithium ion battery”, 2-x Electrochimica Acta, 258, 336-42. [5] Shuzhen Yang, Yanfang Huang, Guihong Han, Jiongtian Liu and Yijun Cao, 2017, “Synthesis and electrochemical performance of double shell SnO amorphous TiO spheres for lithium ion 2@ 2 battery application”, Powder Technology, 322, 84-91. [6] Qiming He, Sui Gu, Tian Wu, Sanpei Zhang, Xin Ao, Jianhua Yang, Zhaoyin Wen, 2017 “Self- supported mesoporous FeCo2O4 nanosheets as high capacity anode material for sodium-ion battery”, Chemical Engineering Journal, 330,764-73. ICNME 2019 IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 761 (2020) 012001 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/761/1/012001 [7] Wei Yuan, Zhiqiang Qiu, Yu Chen, Bote Zhao, Meilin Liu, Yong Tang, 2018 “A binder-free composite anode composed of CuO nanosheets and multi-wall carbon nanotubes for high- performance lithium-ion batteries”, Electrochimica Acta, 267,150-60. [8] Shenglian Luo, Fang Sua, Chengbin Liua, Juanxiu Li, Ronghua Liua, Yan Xiao, Yue Li a, Xuanneng Liua and Qingyun Caia, 2011, “A new method for fabricating a CuO/TiO nanotube arrays electrode and its application as a sensitive nonenzymatic glucose sensor”, Talanta, 86,157-63. [9] Chao Chen, Sang Ha Lee, Misuk Cho and Youngkwan Lee, 2015, “Core-shell CuO@TiO nanorods as a highly stable anode material for lithium-ion batteries”, Materials Letters, 140,111-14. [10] Martin Leimbach, Christoph Tschaar, Udo Schmidt and Andreas Bund, 2018, “Electrochemical characterization of chromium deposition from trivalent solutions for decorative applications by EQCM and nearsurface pH measurements”, Electrochimica Acta, 270,204-09. [11] Jiansheng Chen, Lin Xu, Ruiqing Xing, Jian Song, Hongwei Song, Dali Liu and Ji Zhou, 2012, “Electrospun three-dimensional porous CuO/TiO2 hierarchical nanocomposites electrode for nonenzymatic glucose biosensing”, Electrochemistry Communications, 20,75-78. [12] Ang Li, Renyue He, Zhuo Bian, Huaihe Song, Xiaohong Chen and Jisheng Zhou, 2018, “Enhanced lithium storage performance of hierarchical CuO nanomaterials with surface fractal characteristics”, Applied Surface Science, 443,382-88. [13] M. Saravanan, Shantikumar V. Nair and Alok Kumar Rai, 2017, “Low temperature synthesis of carbon-wrapped CuO synthesized without using a conventional carbon source for Li ion battery application”, Physica E, 94,113-17. [14] Guangxia Wang, Yongming Sui, Meina Zhang, Man Xu, Qingxin Zeng, Chuang Liu, Xinmei Liu, Fei Du and Bo Zou, 2017, “One-pot synthesis of uniform Cu O–CuO–TiO hollow nanocages 2 2 with highly stable lithium storage properties”, J. Mater. Chem. A, 5,18577. [15] Peng Liu, Xifeng Xia, Wu Lei and Qingli Hao, 2017, “Rational synthesis of highly uniform hollow core–shell Mn O /CuO@TiO submicroboxes for enhanced lithium storage 3 4 2 performance”, Chemical Engineering Journal, 316,214-24. [16] Yong Wang, Dongxia Wang, Qingyuan Li, Wenbin Guo, Fanchao Zhang, Yang Yu, and Yiqing Yang, 2018, “General Synthesis and Lithium Storage Properties of Metal Oxides/MnO Hierarchical Hollow Hybrid Spheres”, PART PART SYST CHAR, 35, 1700336. Acknowledgments This research was supported by my supervisor K.R LIU who provided experiment feasibility guidance and experiment facilities during the research.

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Published: Feb 1, 2020

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