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Paternal and Maternal Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Cerebrospinal Fluid MonoamineMetabolites in Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

Paternal and Maternal Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Cerebrospinal Fluid... Abstract Background: To study genetic and environmental con-tributions to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) monoamine con-centrations, 55 young rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)were reared apart from their 10 fathers to perform a pa-ternal half-sibling analysis. Methods: To study maternal genetic contributions, 23infants were reared with their mothers, 23 infants wereremoved from their mothers at birth and fostered to un-related lactating female monkeys, and 24 infants were re-moved from their mothers at birth and reared with age-matched peers. When the monkeys reached age 6 months,CSF samples were obtained via cisternal puncture priorto and during a series of social separations. Results: When the results were statistically pooled ac-cording to the biological father, comparisons using anal-ysis of variance indicated that both CSF 5-hydroxyin-doleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA)concentrations showed significant heritable (h2) effects(h2>0.5) for both sons and daughters, whereas 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) showed a nearly signif-icant paternal genetic effect only for sons (h2>0.5). Inaddition, there were substantial maternal genetic influ-ences on the young monkeys' CSF MHPG and 5-HIAA(h2>0.5) levels. Structural equation analyses indicated amaternal genetic contribution without a maternal envi-ronmental contribution to CSF 5-HIAA concentration; onthe other hand, there was both a maternal genetic andenvironmental contribution to MHPG. Conclusions: These findings suggest that a significantportion of the variance in the turnover of the monoamineneurotransmitters is determined by genetic mechanisms. References 1. Knott P, Haroutunian V, Bierer L, Perl D, Handler M, DeLeon M, Yang R, DavisK. Correlations postmortem between ventricular CSF and cortical tissue con-centrations of MHPG, 5-HIM, and HVA in Alzheimer's disease . Biol Psychiatry . 1989;25:112. Abstract.Crossref 2. Stanley M, Traskman-Bendz L, Dorovini-Zis K. Correlations between aminergicmetabolites simultaneously obtained from human CSF and brain . Life Sci . 1985;37:1279-1 286.Crossref 3. Wilk S, Stanley M. Dopamine metabolites in human brain . Psychopharmacol-ogy . 1978;14:77-81.Crossref 4. Elsworth JD, Redmond DEJ, Roth RH. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG) as indices of brain norepinephrine me-tabolism in primates . Brain Res . 1982;235:115-124.Crossref 5. Elsworth JD, Leahy DJ, Roth RH, Redmond DE. Homovanillic acid concentra-tions in brain, CSF and plasma as indicators of central dopamine function inprimates . J Neural Transm . 1987;68:51-62.Crossref 6. Anisman H, Zacharko RM. Multiple neurochemical and behavioral conse-quences of stressors: implications for depression . Pharmacol Ther . 1990;46:119-136.Crossref 7. Stone EA. Problems with current catecholamine hypotheses of antidepressantagents: speculations leading to a new hypothesis . Behav Brain Sci . 1983;6:535-577.Crossref 8. Wood JH. Sites of origin and cerebrospinal fluid concentration gradients . In:Wood JH, ed. Neurobiology of Cerebrospinal Fluid . New York, NY: PlenumPress; 1980:53-62. 9. Cloninger CR. A systematic method for clinical description and classification ofpersonality variants: a proposal . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1987;44:573-588.Crossref 10. Gershon ES, Berrettini W, Nurnberger J, Goldin LR. Genetics of affective ill-ness . In: Meltzer HY, ed. Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress . New York, NY: Raven Press; 1987:481-491. 11. Oxenstierna G, Edman G, Iselius L, Oreland L, Ross SB, Sedvall G. Concen-trations of monoamine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid of twins and un-related individuals: a genetic study . J Psychiatr Res . 1986;20:19-29.Crossref 12. Roy A, Pickar D, Linnoila M, Doran AR, Paul SM. Cerebrospinal fluid monoam-ine and monoamine metabolite levels and the dexamethasone suppression testin depression: relationship to life events . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1986;43:356-360.Crossref 13. Higley JD, Suomi SJ, Linnoila M. A longitudinal study of CSF monoamine me-tabolite and plasma cortisol concentrations in young rhesus monkeys: effectsof early experience, age, sex and stress on continuity of interindividual differ-ences . Biol Psychiatry . 1992;32:127-145.Crossref 14. Higley JD, Suomi SJ, Linnoila M. CSF monoamine metabolite concentrationsvary according to age, rearing, and sex, and are influenced by the stressor ofsocial separation in rhesus monkeys . Psychopharmacology . 1991;103:551-556.Crossref 15. Bayart F, Hayashi KT, Faull KF, Barchas JD, Levine S. Influence of maternalproximity on behavioral and physiological responses to separation in infantrhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) . Behav Neurosci . 1990;104:98-107.Crossref 16. Kraemer GW, Ebert MH, Schmidt DE, McKinney WT. A longitudinal study of theeffect of different social rearing conditions on cerebrospinal fluid norepineph-rine and biogenic amine metabolites in rhesus monkeys . Neuropsychophar-macology . 1989;2:175-189.Crossref 17. Traskman-Bendz L, Asberg M, Bertilsson L, Thoren P. CSF monoamine me-tabolites of depressed patients during illness and after recovery . Acta PsychiatrScand Suppl . 1984;69:333-342.Crossref 18. Post RM, Ballenger JC, Goodwin FK. Cerebrospinal fluid studies of neurotrans-mitter function in manic and depressive illness . In: Wood JH, eds. Neurobi-ology of Cerebrospinal Fluid . New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1983;2:685-717. 19. Rosenthal NE, Davenport Y, Cowdry RW, Webster MH, Goodwin FK. Monoam-ine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid of depressive subgroups . Psychiatry Res . 1980;2:113-119.Crossref 20. van Praag HM, de Haan S. Central serotonin metabolism and frequency ofdepression . Psychiatry Res . 1979;1:219-224.Crossref 21. Linnoila M, DeJong J, Virkkunen M. Family history of alcoholism in violentoffenders and impulsive fire setters . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1989;46:613-616.Crossref 22. Higley JD, Mehiman P, Taub D, Higley SB, Vickers JH, Suomi SJ, Linnoila M. Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine and adrenal correlates of aggression in free-ranging rhesus monkeys . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1992;49:436-441.Crossref 23. Raleigh MJ, McGuire MT, Brammer GL. Subjective assessment of behavioralstyle: links to overt behavior and physiology in vervet monkeys . Am J Primatol . 1989;18:161 -1 62. 24. Raleigh MJ, Brammer GL, Ritvo ER, Geller E, McGuire MT, Yuwiler A. Effectsof chronic fenfluramine on blood serotonin, cerebrospinal fluid metabolites,and behavior in monkeys . Psychopharmacology . 1986;90:503-508.Crossref 25. Higley JD, Suomi SJ, Linnoila M. Central amine correlates of timidity and af-fective disturbances in rhesus monkeys . Am J Primatol . 1988;14:425. 26. Higley JD, Suomi SJ, Linnoila M. Developmental influences on the serotoninsystem and timidity in the nonhuman primate . In: Coccaro EF, Murphy DL, eds. Serotonin in Major Psychiatric Disorders . Washington, DC: American Psychi-atric Press Inc; 1990:29-46. 27. Higley JD, Linnoila M, Suomi SJ. Developing social competence: experientialand genetic contributions to the expression and inhibition of aggression inprimates . In: Ammerman RT, Hersen M, Sisson L, eds. Handbook of Aggres-sive and Destructive Behavior in Psychiatric Patients . New York, NY: PlenumPress; In press. 28. Higley JD, Suomi SJ. Temperamental reactivity in non-human primates . In:Kohnstamm GA, Bates JE, Rothbart MK, eds. Temperament in Childhood . NewYork, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1989:153-167. 29. Higley JD, Hasert MF, Suomi SJ, Linnoila M. Nonhuman primate model ofalcohol abuse: effects of early experience, personality, and stress on alcoholconsumption . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 1991;88:7261-7265.Crossref 30. Chamove AS, Rosenblum LA, Harlow HF. Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) raisedwith only peers: a pilot study . Anim Behav . 1973;21:316-325.Crossref 31. Harlow HF. Age-mate or peer affectional system . Adv Study Behav . 1969;2:333-6383. 32. Redmond DE. Studies of the nucleus locus coeruleus in monkeys and hypoth-eses for neuropsychopharmacology . In: Meltzer HY, eds. Psychopharmacol-ogy: The Third Generation of Progress . New York, NY: Raven Press; 1987:967-975. 33. Cloninger CR. Neurogenetic adaptive mechanisms in alcoholism . Science . 1987;236:410-416.Crossref 34. Nurnberger JI, Gershon ES. Genetics of affective disorders . In: Post RM, Bal-lenger JC, eds. Neurobiology of Mood Disorders . Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1984:76-101. 35. Torgersen S. Hereditary differentiation of anxiety and affective neuroses . Br JPsychiatry . 1985;146:530-534.Crossref 36. Suomi SJ. Genetic and maternal contributions to individual differences in rhesusmonkey biobehavioral development . In: Krasnegor NA, Blass EM, Hofer MA,Smotherman WP, eds. Perinatal Development: A Psychobiological Perspective . Orlando, Fla: Academic Press Inc; 1987:397-420. 37. Suomi SJ, Kraemer GW, Baysinger CM, DeLizio RD. Inherited and experientialfactors associated with individual differences in anxious behavior displayed byrhesus monkeys . In: Klein DF, Rabkin J, eds. Anxiety: New Research and Chang-ing Concepts . New York, NY: Raven Press; 1981:179-199. 38. Murphy DL, Baulu J, Redmond DEJ. Plasma amine oxidase activity in 136 nor-mal rhesus monkeys: relationships between enzyme activity and age, sex andgenetic factors . J Med Primatol . 1977;6:360-366. 39. Nies A, Robinson DS, Harris LS, Lamborn KR. Comparison of monoamine ox-idase substrate activities in twins, schizophrenics, depressives, and controls . Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol . 1974;12:59-70. 40. Nies A, Robinson DS, Lamborn KR, Lampert RP. Genetic control of platelet andplasma monoamine oxidase activity . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1973;28:834-838.Crossref 41. Kraemer GW, McKinney WT. Interactions of pharmacological agents which al-ter biogenic amine metabolism and depression: an analysis of contributing fac-tors within a primate model of depression . J Affect Disord . 1979;1:33-54.Crossref 42. Ruppenthal GC. Survey of protocols for nursery rearing infant macaques . In:Ruppenthal GC, ed. Nursery Care of Nonhuman Primates . New York, NY: Ple-num Press; 1979:165-185. 43. Bacopoulos NG, Redmond DE, Roth RH. Serotonin and dopamine metabolitesin brain regions and cerebrospinal fluid of a primate species: effects of ket-amine and fluphenazine . J Neurochem . 1979;32:1215-1218.Crossref 44. Brammer GL, Raleigh MJ, McGuire MT, Rubinstein EH. Comparison of ket-amine, physical restraint, halothane and pentobarbital: lack of influence on se-rotonergic measures in monkeys and rats . Neuropharmacology . 1987;26:1615-1621.Crossref 45. Higley JD, Mehiman P, Taub D, Higley SB, Champoux M, Suomi SJ, LinnoilaM. CSF monoamine metabolite and adrenal correlates of aggression in free-ranging rhesus monkeys . Am J Primatol . 1991;24:108. 46. Scheinin M, Chang WH, Kirk KL, Linnoila M. Simultaneous determination of3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and homovan-illic acid in cerebrospinal fluid with high-performance liquid chromatographyusing electrochemical detection . Anal Biochem . 1983;131:246-253.Crossref 47. Epstein S. The stability of confusion: a reply to Mischel and Peake . PsycholRev . 1983;90:179-184. 48. Funder DC. Three issues in predicting more of the people: a reply to MischelARCH GEN PSYCHIATRYNOL 50, AUG 1993622and Peake . Psychol Rev . 1983;90:283-289.Crossref 49. Olweus D. The consistency issue in personality psychology revisited: with spe-cial reference to aggression . Br J Soc Clin Psychol . 1980;19:377-390.Crossref 50. Rushton JP, Brainerd CL, Pressley M. Behavioral development and constructvalidity: the principle of aggregation . Psychol Bull . 1983;94:18-38.Crossref 51. Fuller JL, Thompson WR. Foundations of Behavior Genetics St Louis , Mo: Mosby-Year Book; 1978. 52. Eaves LJ, Eysenck HJ, Martin NG. Genes, Culture and Personality: An EmpiricalApproach . Orlando, Fla: Academic Press Inc; 1989. 53. Neale MC, Cardon LR. Methodology for Genetic Studies of Twins and Families . Norwell, Mass: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992. 54. Plomin R, DeFries JC, Fulkner DW. Nature and Nurture During Infancy andEarly Childhood . New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 1988. 55. Joreskog KG, Sorbom D. LISREL VII: Program Manual. Chicago, III: ScientificSoftware International; 1989. 56. McArdle JJ, Hamagami F, Elias MF, Robbins MA. Structural modeling of mixedlongitudinal and cross-sectional data . Exp Aging Res . 1991;17:29-52.Crossref 57. Waddington CH. Principle of Development and Differentiation . New York, NY:Macmillan Publishing Co Inc; 1966. 58. Hagenfelt L, Oxenstierna G, Alfredsson G, Edman G, Iselius L, Sedvall G. A twinstudy of amino acids concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid . J Psychiatr Res . 1988;22:51 -56.Crossref 59. Weinshilboum RM. Catecholamine biochemical genetics . In: Trendelenburg U,Wiener N, eds. Catecholamines I1 . New York, NY: Springer-Verlag NY Inc; 1988:391-425. 60. Kopin IJ, Gordon EK, Jimerson DC, Polinsky RJ. Relation between plasma andcerebrospinal fluid levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol . Science . 1983;21 9:73-75.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of General Psychiatry American Medical Association

Paternal and Maternal Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Cerebrospinal Fluid MonoamineMetabolites in Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

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References (70)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1993 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-990X
eISSN
1598-3636
DOI
10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820200025003
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Abstract

Abstract Background: To study genetic and environmental con-tributions to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) monoamine con-centrations, 55 young rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)were reared apart from their 10 fathers to perform a pa-ternal half-sibling analysis. Methods: To study maternal genetic contributions, 23infants were reared with their mothers, 23 infants wereremoved from their mothers at birth and fostered to un-related lactating female monkeys, and 24 infants were re-moved from their mothers at birth and reared with age-matched peers. When the monkeys reached age 6 months,CSF samples were obtained via cisternal puncture priorto and during a series of social separations. Results: When the results were statistically pooled ac-cording to the biological father, comparisons using anal-ysis of variance indicated that both CSF 5-hydroxyin-doleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA)concentrations showed significant heritable (h2) effects(h2>0.5) for both sons and daughters, whereas 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) showed a nearly signif-icant paternal genetic effect only for sons (h2>0.5). Inaddition, there were substantial maternal genetic influ-ences on the young monkeys' CSF MHPG and 5-HIAA(h2>0.5) levels. Structural equation analyses indicated amaternal genetic contribution without a maternal envi-ronmental contribution to CSF 5-HIAA concentration; onthe other hand, there was both a maternal genetic andenvironmental contribution to MHPG. Conclusions: These findings suggest that a significantportion of the variance in the turnover of the monoamineneurotransmitters is determined by genetic mechanisms. References 1. Knott P, Haroutunian V, Bierer L, Perl D, Handler M, DeLeon M, Yang R, DavisK. Correlations postmortem between ventricular CSF and cortical tissue con-centrations of MHPG, 5-HIM, and HVA in Alzheimer's disease . Biol Psychiatry . 1989;25:112. Abstract.Crossref 2. Stanley M, Traskman-Bendz L, Dorovini-Zis K. Correlations between aminergicmetabolites simultaneously obtained from human CSF and brain . Life Sci . 1985;37:1279-1 286.Crossref 3. Wilk S, Stanley M. Dopamine metabolites in human brain . Psychopharmacol-ogy . 1978;14:77-81.Crossref 4. Elsworth JD, Redmond DEJ, Roth RH. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG) as indices of brain norepinephrine me-tabolism in primates . Brain Res . 1982;235:115-124.Crossref 5. Elsworth JD, Leahy DJ, Roth RH, Redmond DE. Homovanillic acid concentra-tions in brain, CSF and plasma as indicators of central dopamine function inprimates . J Neural Transm . 1987;68:51-62.Crossref 6. Anisman H, Zacharko RM. Multiple neurochemical and behavioral conse-quences of stressors: implications for depression . Pharmacol Ther . 1990;46:119-136.Crossref 7. Stone EA. Problems with current catecholamine hypotheses of antidepressantagents: speculations leading to a new hypothesis . Behav Brain Sci . 1983;6:535-577.Crossref 8. Wood JH. Sites of origin and cerebrospinal fluid concentration gradients . In:Wood JH, ed. Neurobiology of Cerebrospinal Fluid . New York, NY: PlenumPress; 1980:53-62. 9. Cloninger CR. A systematic method for clinical description and classification ofpersonality variants: a proposal . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1987;44:573-588.Crossref 10. Gershon ES, Berrettini W, Nurnberger J, Goldin LR. Genetics of affective ill-ness . In: Meltzer HY, ed. Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress . New York, NY: Raven Press; 1987:481-491. 11. Oxenstierna G, Edman G, Iselius L, Oreland L, Ross SB, Sedvall G. Concen-trations of monoamine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid of twins and un-related individuals: a genetic study . J Psychiatr Res . 1986;20:19-29.Crossref 12. Roy A, Pickar D, Linnoila M, Doran AR, Paul SM. Cerebrospinal fluid monoam-ine and monoamine metabolite levels and the dexamethasone suppression testin depression: relationship to life events . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1986;43:356-360.Crossref 13. Higley JD, Suomi SJ, Linnoila M. A longitudinal study of CSF monoamine me-tabolite and plasma cortisol concentrations in young rhesus monkeys: effectsof early experience, age, sex and stress on continuity of interindividual differ-ences . Biol Psychiatry . 1992;32:127-145.Crossref 14. Higley JD, Suomi SJ, Linnoila M. CSF monoamine metabolite concentrationsvary according to age, rearing, and sex, and are influenced by the stressor ofsocial separation in rhesus monkeys . Psychopharmacology . 1991;103:551-556.Crossref 15. Bayart F, Hayashi KT, Faull KF, Barchas JD, Levine S. Influence of maternalproximity on behavioral and physiological responses to separation in infantrhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) . Behav Neurosci . 1990;104:98-107.Crossref 16. Kraemer GW, Ebert MH, Schmidt DE, McKinney WT. A longitudinal study of theeffect of different social rearing conditions on cerebrospinal fluid norepineph-rine and biogenic amine metabolites in rhesus monkeys . Neuropsychophar-macology . 1989;2:175-189.Crossref 17. Traskman-Bendz L, Asberg M, Bertilsson L, Thoren P. CSF monoamine me-tabolites of depressed patients during illness and after recovery . Acta PsychiatrScand Suppl . 1984;69:333-342.Crossref 18. Post RM, Ballenger JC, Goodwin FK. Cerebrospinal fluid studies of neurotrans-mitter function in manic and depressive illness . In: Wood JH, eds. Neurobi-ology of Cerebrospinal Fluid . New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1983;2:685-717. 19. Rosenthal NE, Davenport Y, Cowdry RW, Webster MH, Goodwin FK. Monoam-ine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid of depressive subgroups . Psychiatry Res . 1980;2:113-119.Crossref 20. van Praag HM, de Haan S. Central serotonin metabolism and frequency ofdepression . Psychiatry Res . 1979;1:219-224.Crossref 21. Linnoila M, DeJong J, Virkkunen M. Family history of alcoholism in violentoffenders and impulsive fire setters . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1989;46:613-616.Crossref 22. Higley JD, Mehiman P, Taub D, Higley SB, Vickers JH, Suomi SJ, Linnoila M. Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine and adrenal correlates of aggression in free-ranging rhesus monkeys . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1992;49:436-441.Crossref 23. Raleigh MJ, McGuire MT, Brammer GL. Subjective assessment of behavioralstyle: links to overt behavior and physiology in vervet monkeys . Am J Primatol . 1989;18:161 -1 62. 24. Raleigh MJ, Brammer GL, Ritvo ER, Geller E, McGuire MT, Yuwiler A. Effectsof chronic fenfluramine on blood serotonin, cerebrospinal fluid metabolites,and behavior in monkeys . Psychopharmacology . 1986;90:503-508.Crossref 25. Higley JD, Suomi SJ, Linnoila M. Central amine correlates of timidity and af-fective disturbances in rhesus monkeys . Am J Primatol . 1988;14:425. 26. Higley JD, Suomi SJ, Linnoila M. Developmental influences on the serotoninsystem and timidity in the nonhuman primate . In: Coccaro EF, Murphy DL, eds. Serotonin in Major Psychiatric Disorders . Washington, DC: American Psychi-atric Press Inc; 1990:29-46. 27. Higley JD, Linnoila M, Suomi SJ. Developing social competence: experientialand genetic contributions to the expression and inhibition of aggression inprimates . In: Ammerman RT, Hersen M, Sisson L, eds. Handbook of Aggres-sive and Destructive Behavior in Psychiatric Patients . New York, NY: PlenumPress; In press. 28. Higley JD, Suomi SJ. Temperamental reactivity in non-human primates . In:Kohnstamm GA, Bates JE, Rothbart MK, eds. Temperament in Childhood . NewYork, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1989:153-167. 29. Higley JD, Hasert MF, Suomi SJ, Linnoila M. Nonhuman primate model ofalcohol abuse: effects of early experience, personality, and stress on alcoholconsumption . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 1991;88:7261-7265.Crossref 30. Chamove AS, Rosenblum LA, Harlow HF. Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) raisedwith only peers: a pilot study . Anim Behav . 1973;21:316-325.Crossref 31. Harlow HF. Age-mate or peer affectional system . Adv Study Behav . 1969;2:333-6383. 32. Redmond DE. Studies of the nucleus locus coeruleus in monkeys and hypoth-eses for neuropsychopharmacology . In: Meltzer HY, eds. Psychopharmacol-ogy: The Third Generation of Progress . New York, NY: Raven Press; 1987:967-975. 33. Cloninger CR. Neurogenetic adaptive mechanisms in alcoholism . Science . 1987;236:410-416.Crossref 34. Nurnberger JI, Gershon ES. Genetics of affective disorders . In: Post RM, Bal-lenger JC, eds. Neurobiology of Mood Disorders . Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1984:76-101. 35. Torgersen S. Hereditary differentiation of anxiety and affective neuroses . Br JPsychiatry . 1985;146:530-534.Crossref 36. Suomi SJ. Genetic and maternal contributions to individual differences in rhesusmonkey biobehavioral development . In: Krasnegor NA, Blass EM, Hofer MA,Smotherman WP, eds. Perinatal Development: A Psychobiological Perspective . Orlando, Fla: Academic Press Inc; 1987:397-420. 37. Suomi SJ, Kraemer GW, Baysinger CM, DeLizio RD. Inherited and experientialfactors associated with individual differences in anxious behavior displayed byrhesus monkeys . In: Klein DF, Rabkin J, eds. Anxiety: New Research and Chang-ing Concepts . New York, NY: Raven Press; 1981:179-199. 38. Murphy DL, Baulu J, Redmond DEJ. Plasma amine oxidase activity in 136 nor-mal rhesus monkeys: relationships between enzyme activity and age, sex andgenetic factors . J Med Primatol . 1977;6:360-366. 39. Nies A, Robinson DS, Harris LS, Lamborn KR. Comparison of monoamine ox-idase substrate activities in twins, schizophrenics, depressives, and controls . Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol . 1974;12:59-70. 40. Nies A, Robinson DS, Lamborn KR, Lampert RP. Genetic control of platelet andplasma monoamine oxidase activity . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1973;28:834-838.Crossref 41. Kraemer GW, McKinney WT. Interactions of pharmacological agents which al-ter biogenic amine metabolism and depression: an analysis of contributing fac-tors within a primate model of depression . J Affect Disord . 1979;1:33-54.Crossref 42. Ruppenthal GC. Survey of protocols for nursery rearing infant macaques . In:Ruppenthal GC, ed. Nursery Care of Nonhuman Primates . New York, NY: Ple-num Press; 1979:165-185. 43. Bacopoulos NG, Redmond DE, Roth RH. Serotonin and dopamine metabolitesin brain regions and cerebrospinal fluid of a primate species: effects of ket-amine and fluphenazine . J Neurochem . 1979;32:1215-1218.Crossref 44. Brammer GL, Raleigh MJ, McGuire MT, Rubinstein EH. Comparison of ket-amine, physical restraint, halothane and pentobarbital: lack of influence on se-rotonergic measures in monkeys and rats . Neuropharmacology . 1987;26:1615-1621.Crossref 45. Higley JD, Mehiman P, Taub D, Higley SB, Champoux M, Suomi SJ, LinnoilaM. CSF monoamine metabolite and adrenal correlates of aggression in free-ranging rhesus monkeys . Am J Primatol . 1991;24:108. 46. Scheinin M, Chang WH, Kirk KL, Linnoila M. Simultaneous determination of3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and homovan-illic acid in cerebrospinal fluid with high-performance liquid chromatographyusing electrochemical detection . Anal Biochem . 1983;131:246-253.Crossref 47. Epstein S. The stability of confusion: a reply to Mischel and Peake . PsycholRev . 1983;90:179-184. 48. Funder DC. Three issues in predicting more of the people: a reply to MischelARCH GEN PSYCHIATRYNOL 50, AUG 1993622and Peake . Psychol Rev . 1983;90:283-289.Crossref 49. Olweus D. The consistency issue in personality psychology revisited: with spe-cial reference to aggression . Br J Soc Clin Psychol . 1980;19:377-390.Crossref 50. Rushton JP, Brainerd CL, Pressley M. Behavioral development and constructvalidity: the principle of aggregation . Psychol Bull . 1983;94:18-38.Crossref 51. Fuller JL, Thompson WR. Foundations of Behavior Genetics St Louis , Mo: Mosby-Year Book; 1978. 52. Eaves LJ, Eysenck HJ, Martin NG. Genes, Culture and Personality: An EmpiricalApproach . Orlando, Fla: Academic Press Inc; 1989. 53. Neale MC, Cardon LR. Methodology for Genetic Studies of Twins and Families . Norwell, Mass: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992. 54. Plomin R, DeFries JC, Fulkner DW. Nature and Nurture During Infancy andEarly Childhood . New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 1988. 55. Joreskog KG, Sorbom D. LISREL VII: Program Manual. Chicago, III: ScientificSoftware International; 1989. 56. McArdle JJ, Hamagami F, Elias MF, Robbins MA. Structural modeling of mixedlongitudinal and cross-sectional data . Exp Aging Res . 1991;17:29-52.Crossref 57. Waddington CH. Principle of Development and Differentiation . New York, NY:Macmillan Publishing Co Inc; 1966. 58. Hagenfelt L, Oxenstierna G, Alfredsson G, Edman G, Iselius L, Sedvall G. A twinstudy of amino acids concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid . J Psychiatr Res . 1988;22:51 -56.Crossref 59. Weinshilboum RM. Catecholamine biochemical genetics . In: Trendelenburg U,Wiener N, eds. Catecholamines I1 . New York, NY: Springer-Verlag NY Inc; 1988:391-425. 60. Kopin IJ, Gordon EK, Jimerson DC, Polinsky RJ. Relation between plasma andcerebrospinal fluid levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol . Science . 1983;21 9:73-75.Crossref

Journal

Archives of General Psychiatry – American Medical Association

Published: Aug 1, 1993

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