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Summary The behaviour of wild African elephants and ten hand‐reared (H‐R) elephants was studied for two years. The majority of the H‐R elephant data were collected while following them on foot, while the wild elephants were observed and identified from a vehicle. The diurnal activities of eight H‐R calves (aged 12–60 months) were compared to wild calves of the same age classes. Overall, the H‐R calves fed for 82·9% of the time and rested for 7·9%. The wild calves fed for 44·5% of the time and rested for 35·5%. Similar results were found during the two dry seasons and two wet seasons. Both groups of calves fed primarily on grasses (H‐R 77·0%; wild 75·1%) during the day. During the Full Moon, data were collected on the lying‐down patterns of four H‐R elephants, aged 2–32 years, while they were in their cages. There were two lying‐down periods, 2100–2300 h and 0200–0400 h. Spatial proximity between the members of the same group of four was found to be greater than was observed between wild elephant family members. However, the nulliparous adult exhibited behaviours of adoption for the female calf (3–4 years old), giving attention and suckling at the exclusion of the other calves. The association between this group of four and the population of wild elephants showed early signs of integration. Their most frequent association was with mixed groups of elephants (male and female). Human contact was found to have a major effect on the H‐R elephant behaviour. Therefore the following recommendations were made to minimize contact with humans and encourage wild‐type social behaviours to be expressed: (i) visiting by the public to be kept to a minimum and touching by visitors forbidden; (ii) interactions between the keepers and H‐R elephants to be kept to a minimum to increase bonding between the elephants; (iii) H‐R elephants should be encouraged to join wild elephant groups. Résumé On a étudié pendant deux ans le comportement d'éléphants africains sauvages et de dix éléphants élevés à la main (hand‐reared=H‐R). La majorité des données concernant les éléphants H‐R ont été récoltées en les suivant à pied tandis que les éléphants sauvages étaient observés et identifiés à partir d'un véhicule. On a comparé les activités diurnes de huit éléphanteaux H‐R (âges de 12 à 60 mois) avec celles d'éléphanteaux sauvages de même classe d'âge. Dans l'ensemble, les jeunes H‐R se nourrissaient pendant 82,9% du temps et se reposaient pendant 7,9%. Les jeunes sauvages se nourrissaient pendant 11,5% du temps et se reposaient 35,5%. On a trouvé des résultats comparables pendant les deux saisons sèches et les deux saisons des pluies. Les deux groupes d'éléphanteaux se nourrissaient principalement d'herbes (H‐R 77,00% sauvages 75,1%) pendant la journée. Pendant la pleine lune, on a récolté des données sur les heures où quatre éléphants, âgés de 2 à 32 ans, se couchaient pendant qu'ils étaient dans leur cage. Il y avait deux périodes, de 21 h à 23 h, et de 2 h à 4 h. La proximité physique maintenue entre les quatre membres de ca mème groupe était plus grande qu'entre des membres d'une famille d'éléphants sauvages. Cependant, l'adulte nullipare manifestait un comportement d'adoption envers l'éléphanteau femelle (de 3–4 ans) à l'exclusion de tout autre. L'association entre ce groupe de quatre et la population d'éléphants sauvages a montré des signes précoces d'intégration. Leur association la plus fréquente se faisait avec des groupes mixtes (éléphants mâles et femelle). On a constaté que les contacts avec les hommes avaient un effet trés important sur le comportement des éléphants H‐R. C'est pourquoi on donne les recommandations suivantes pour réduire au minimum les contacts avec les hommes et encourager l'expression d'un comportement social proche de celui observe en liberté; (i) réduire le plus possible les visites du public at interdire totalement les contacts physiques; (ii) maintenir à un niveau minimal les interactions des éléphants H‐R avec leurs gardiens pour renforcer les liens entre les éléphants; (iii) encourager les éléphants H‐R à rejoindre les groupes d'éléphants sauvages.
African Journal of Ecology – Wiley
Published: Sep 1, 1995
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