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The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the application of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in testing first and higher order factor models and their invariance across independent groups. These analyses were performed within the LISREL framework developed by Jöreskog and Sörbom (Jöreskog, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1981; Jöreskog & Sörbom, 1983). LISREL (linear structural relations) is a statistical tool for analyzing covariance matrices according to systems of structural equations. Data from a study designed to test Shavelson’s (Shavelson & Bolus, 1982; Shavelson, Hubner, & Stanton, 1976) theoretical predictions about the structure of self-concept were used in the demonstration. The advantages of confirmatory factor analytic procedures in the analyses of higher order factor models and factorial invariance are illustrated and discussed. Issues and problems encountered in the analyses are also discussed, and new solutions to some of these are proposed.
Psychological Bulletin – American Psychological Association
Published: May 1, 1985
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