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The code and beyond: transcription regulation by the RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain

The code and beyond: transcription regulation by the RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain The carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is composed of repeats of the heptapeptide Tyr-Ser-Pro-Thr-Ser-Pro-Ser and is dynamically post-translationally modified to regulate transcription. CTD phosphorylation states are associated with and regulate distinct stages of the transcription process. The CTD and its phosphorylation couple transcription to co-transcriptional processes such as RNA processing and chromatin modification. Multiple CTD modifications coalesce to regulate transcriptional processes such as transcription termination through the regulated recruitment of transcription factors. The low complexity of the CTD can enable its interactions with other low-complexity protein domains and undergo liquid–liquid phase separation to form liquid-like droplets that could serve as transient membraneless compartments. The high local concentration at promoters of Pol II CTDs, transcription factors and RNA from sense, divergent antisense and enhancer transcription may facilitate the formation of liquid-like droplets at promoters to regulate transcription. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology Springer Journals

The code and beyond: transcription regulation by the RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain

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References (166)

Publisher
Springer Journals
Copyright
Copyright © 2017 by Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.
Subject
Life Sciences; Life Sciences, general; Cell Biology; Cancer Research; Developmental Biology; Stem Cells; Biochemistry, general
ISSN
1471-0072
eISSN
1471-0080
DOI
10.1038/nrm.2017.10
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

The carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is composed of repeats of the heptapeptide Tyr-Ser-Pro-Thr-Ser-Pro-Ser and is dynamically post-translationally modified to regulate transcription. CTD phosphorylation states are associated with and regulate distinct stages of the transcription process. The CTD and its phosphorylation couple transcription to co-transcriptional processes such as RNA processing and chromatin modification. Multiple CTD modifications coalesce to regulate transcriptional processes such as transcription termination through the regulated recruitment of transcription factors. The low complexity of the CTD can enable its interactions with other low-complexity protein domains and undergo liquid–liquid phase separation to form liquid-like droplets that could serve as transient membraneless compartments. The high local concentration at promoters of Pol II CTDs, transcription factors and RNA from sense, divergent antisense and enhancer transcription may facilitate the formation of liquid-like droplets at promoters to regulate transcription.

Journal

Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology – Springer Journals

Published: Mar 1, 2017

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