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A phosphorene–graphene hybrid material as a high-capacity anode for sodium-ion batteries

A phosphorene–graphene hybrid material as a high-capacity anode for sodium-ion batteries Sodium-ion batteries have recently attracted significant attention as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries because sodium sources do not present the geopolitical issues that lithium sources might. Although recent reports on cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries have demonstrated performances comparable to their lithium-ion counterparts, the major scientific challenge for a competitive sodium-ion battery technology is to develop viable anode materials. Here we show that a hybrid material made out of a few phosphorene layers sandwiched between graphene layers shows a specific capacity of 2,440 mA h g−1 (calculated using the mass of phosphorus only) at a current density of 0.05 A g−1 and an 83% capacity retention after 100 cycles while operating between 0 and 1.5 V. Using in situ transmission electron microscopy and ex situ X-ray diffraction techniques, we explain the large capacity of our anode through a dual mechanism of intercalation of sodium ions along the x axis of the phosphorene layers followed by the formation of a Na3P alloy. The presence of graphene layers in the hybrid material works as a mechanical backbone and an electrical highway, ensuring that a suitable elastic buffer space accommodates the anisotropic expansion of phosphorene layers along the y and z axial directions for stable cycling operation. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Nature Nanotechnology Springer Journals

A phosphorene–graphene hybrid material as a high-capacity anode for sodium-ion batteries

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References (48)

Publisher
Springer Journals
Copyright
Copyright © 2015 by Nature Publishing Group
Subject
Materials Science; Materials Science, general; Nanotechnology; Nanotechnology and Microengineering
ISSN
1748-3387
eISSN
1748-3395
DOI
10.1038/nnano.2015.194
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries have recently attracted significant attention as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries because sodium sources do not present the geopolitical issues that lithium sources might. Although recent reports on cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries have demonstrated performances comparable to their lithium-ion counterparts, the major scientific challenge for a competitive sodium-ion battery technology is to develop viable anode materials. Here we show that a hybrid material made out of a few phosphorene layers sandwiched between graphene layers shows a specific capacity of 2,440 mA h g−1 (calculated using the mass of phosphorus only) at a current density of 0.05 A g−1 and an 83% capacity retention after 100 cycles while operating between 0 and 1.5 V. Using in situ transmission electron microscopy and ex situ X-ray diffraction techniques, we explain the large capacity of our anode through a dual mechanism of intercalation of sodium ions along the x axis of the phosphorene layers followed by the formation of a Na3P alloy. The presence of graphene layers in the hybrid material works as a mechanical backbone and an electrical highway, ensuring that a suitable elastic buffer space accommodates the anisotropic expansion of phosphorene layers along the y and z axial directions for stable cycling operation.

Journal

Nature NanotechnologySpringer Journals

Published: Sep 7, 2015

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